1、考研英语模拟试卷 119及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Enter the information age. Information is the raw material for many of the business activities shaping this new era, (1)_ iron and
2、steel were the basic commodities in the dawning of the industrial age. The worlds knowledge is said to be doubling (2)_ eight years. This knowledge explosion is (3)_ economic progress. The need to collect, analyze, and communicate (4)_ quantities of information is Spawning new products and services,
3、 creating jobs, and widening career opportunities. The information age is (5)_ considered to be a phenomenon of the service sector of the economy, (6)_ a product of heavy industry. Certainly, burgeoning information technologies are creating new capabilities (7)_ knowledge-based service spheres. But
4、changes just as dramatic are (8)_ industry, giving people the opportunity to do challenging work in exciting new ways. Manufacturing is a full participant in the information age. From design (9)_ production, the manufacturing process has long been in formation-intensive. It always has required exact
5、ing communication to describe (10)_ goes into products and how to make them, Now, computer technology is giving factory managers new capability to gather all of this information and (11)_ it to control production. Telecommunications are producing error-free communication between the design office (1
6、2)_ the factory, computer-aided design is enabling engineers to evaluate product performance and manufacturing process (13)_ video displays, before resources are committed to build and test prototypes. Techniques like these are bringing (14)_ new advances in manufacturing productivity. Just as coal
7、fueled the transformation to an industrial society, (15)_ microelectronics is powering the rise of the information age. Microelectronic information-management tools are strengthening U.S. industrial capability, (16)_ remains vital to Americas economic well being and national security. More and more
8、manufacturing companies are (17)_ that the wise of information can give them a competitive edge. As companies emphasize (18)_ information management, talented people will continue to find (19)_ to make factories and milks sing with increased productivity. In manufacturing as well as in services, inf
9、ormation technology is a tool to (20)_ human creativity into productivity. （ A） as long as （ B） so long as （ C） just as （ D） so far as （ A） every （ B） each （ C） between （ D） during （ A） taking （ B） stimulating （ C） sending （ D） giving （ A） big （ B） small （ C） few （ D） great （ A） generally （ B） event
10、ually （ C） surprisingly （ D） finally （ A） other than （ B） better than （ C） rather than （ D） no more than （ A） with （ B） in （ C） by （ D） on （ A） transmitting （ B） transporting （ C） translating （ D） transforming （ A） in （ B） to （ C） from （ D） with （ A） that （ B） which （ C） what （ D） whichever （ A） use
11、 （ B） take （ C） make （ D） combine （ A） by （ B） and （ C） with （ D） in （ A） in （ B） by （ C） over （ D） on （ A） over （ B） off （ C） about （ D） forward （ A） but （ B） so （ C） although （ D） otherwise （ A） that （ B） where （ C） what （ D） which （ A） wondering （ B） suggesting （ C） recognizing （ D） exposing （ A）
12、 powerful （ B） effective （ C） helpful （ D） productive （ A） events （ B） ways （ C） things （ D） information （ A） carry （ B） make （ C） turn （ D） bring Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 The energy crisis, which
13、is being felt around the world, has dramatized how the careless use of the earths resources has brought the whole world to the brink of disaster. Tile over development of motor transport, with its increase of more cars, more highways, more pollution, more suburbs, more commuting, has contributed to
14、the near destruction of our cities, the breakup of the family, and the pollution not only of local air but also of the earths atmosphere. The disaster has arrived in the form of the energy crisis. Our present situation is unlike war, revolution or depression. It is also unlike the great natural disa
15、sters of the past. Worldwide re sources exploitation and energy use have brought us to a state where long-range planning is essential. What we need is not a continuation of our present serious slate, which endangers the future of our country, our children, and our earth, but a movement forward to a
16、new norm in order to work rapidly and effectively on planetary problems. This country has been falling back under the continuing exposures of loss morality and the revelation that lawbreaking has reached into the highest places in the bad. There is a strong demand for moral revival and for some devo
17、tion that is vast enough and yet personal enough to enlist, the devotion of all. In the past 5t has been only in a way in defense of their own country and their own ideals that any people have been able to devote themselves wholeheartedly. This is the first time that we have been asked to defend our
18、selves and what we hold dear in cooperation with all the other inhabitants of this planet who share with us the same endangered air and the same endangered oceans. There is a common need it reassesses our present course, to change that courser and to devise new methods through which the world can su
19、rvive. This is a priceless opportunity. To grasp item we need a widespread understanding of nature if the crisis confronting us and the world a crisis that is no passing in convenience, no by-product of the ambitions of the oil-producing countries, no environmentalists mere fears, no by-product of a
20、ny present system of government. What we face is the outcome of the invention of the last four hundred years. What we need is a transformed lifestyle. This new lifestyle can flow directly from science and technology, but its acceptance depends on a sincere devotion to finding a higher quality of lif
21、e for the worlds children and future generation. 21 Which condition does the author feel has nearly destroyed our cities? （ A） Lack of financial planning. （ B） The breakup of the family. （ C） Natural disasters in many regions. （ D） The excessive growth of motors. 22 According to the author, what is
22、one example of our.loss of morality? （ A） Disregard for law. （ B） Lack of devotion. （ C） Lack of cooperation. （ D） Exploitation of resources. 23 By comparing past problems with present ones, the author draws attention to the _. （ A） significance of this crisis （ B） inadequacy of governments （ C） sim
23、ilarity of the past to the present （ D） hopelessness of the situation 24 What contribution does the author feel people must now make? （ A） Search for new energy sources. （ B） Outlaw motor transportation. （ C） Accept a new lifestyle. （ D） Adopt a new form of government. 25 We have been asked to defen
24、d ourselves and what we hold dear in cooperation with _ who share with us the same endangered air and the same endangered oceans. （ A） a country （ B） a city （ C） an area （ D） all of the people 26 Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, yo
25、u hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real. The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown
26、on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has in creased by about 2% a year, which are more than twice the 1978-1987 averages. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that o
27、ccurs at the point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction“ between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statis
28、tics. Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizing are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, Which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and i
29、nvestment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much. Two other explanations are more speculative. Firs
30、t, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it wag well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose. Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, sa
31、ys that much “reengineering“ has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied reengineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient t
32、hought to long-term profitability. B.B.D.O.s A1 Rosen shine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re engineering consultants as mere rubbish “the worst sort of ambulance cashing.“ 26 According to the author, the American economic situation is _. （ A） not as good as it seems （ B） at its turni
33、ng point （ C） much better than it seems （ D） near to complete recovery 27 The official statistics on productivity growth _. （ A） exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle （ B） fall short of businessmens anticipation （ C） meet the expectation of business people （ D） fail to reflect the true state
34、 of economy 28 The author raises the question “what about pain without gain“ because _. （ A） he questions the truth of “no gain without pain“ （ B） he does not think the productivity revolution works （ C） he wonders if the official statistics are misleading （ D） he has conclusive evidence for the rev
35、ival of businesses 29 Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage? （ A） Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity. （ B） New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity. （ C） The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term prof
36、itability. （ D） The consultants are a bunch of good for nothing. 30 The 1978-1987 averages of productivity are less than _. （ A） 1% （ B） 2% （ C） 1.5% （ D） 4% 31 Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Galileos 17th century trial for his rebelling belief be
37、fore the Catholic Church or poet William Blakes harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between sciences and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century. Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could effort to ignore its crit
38、ics but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “antiscience“ in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul Regress, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Leavitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon Haunted World, by Car Sat
39、an of Cornell University. Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason“, held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Miss)information“, which assembled last June near Buffalo. Antiscience clearly means different things to
40、 different people. Gross and Leavitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics, that have questioned sciences objectivity. Saga is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview. A survey of new
41、s stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research. Few would dispute that the term applies
42、to the Unabomber, those manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience, as an essay in US News on the contrary, many of them lie deep in th
43、e interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates. That the plates are moving is not beyond dispute. Afric
44、a and South America, for example, are moving away from earth other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of
45、the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earths interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether
46、one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not
47、 moved during the past 30 million years. The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest over a
48、hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures(cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theorie
49、s have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability(inconstancy). 36 The author believes that _. （ A） the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earths interior （ B） the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true （ C） the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions （ D） the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart 37 That Africa and South America
