1、考研英语阅读理解 A 节(传统题型)分类精讲社会伦理类-(一)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Reading Co(总题数：5，分数：100.00)The stretch of the Pacific between Hawaii and California is virtually empty. There are no islands, no shipping lanes, no human presence for thousands of milesjust sea, sky and rubbish. The prevailing curre
2、nts cause flotsam from around the world to accumulate in a vast becalmed patch of ocean. In places, there are a million pieces of plastic per square kilometre. That can mean as much as 112 times more plastic than plankton, the first link in the marine food chain. All this adds up to perhaps 100m ton
3、nes of floating garbage, and more is arriving every day.Wherever people have beenand some places where they have notthey have left waste behind. Litter lines the worlds roads; dumps dot the landscape; slurry and sewage slosh into rivers and streams. Up above, thousands of fragments of defunct spacec
4、raft careen through space, and occasionally more debris is produced by collisions such as the one that destroyed an American satellite in mid-February. Ken Noguchi, a mountaineer, estimates that he has collected nine tonnes of rubbish from the slopes of Mount Everest during five clean-up expeditions
5、. There is still plenty left.The average Westerner produces over 500kg of municipal waste a yearand that is only the most obvious portion of the rich worlds discards. In Britain, for example, municipal waste from households and businesses makes up just 24% of the total. In addition, both developed a
6、nd developing countries generate vast quantities of construction and demolition debris, industrial effluent, mine tailings, sewage residue and agricultural waste. Extracting enough gold to make a typical wedding ring, for example, can generate three tonnes of mining waste.Rubbish may be universal, b
7、ut it is little studied and poorly understood. Nobody knows how much of it the world generates or what it does with it. In many rich countries, and most poor ones, only the patchiest of records are kept. That may be understandable: by definition, waste is something its owner no longer wants or takes
8、 much interest in.Ignorance spawns scares, such as the fuss surrounding New Yorks infamous garbage barge, which in 1987 sailed the Atlantic for six months in search of a place to dump its load, giving many Americans the false impression that their country landfills had run out of space. It also make
9、s it hard to draw up sensible policies: just think of the endless debate about whether recycling is the only way to save the planet ran expensive waste of time.（分数：20.00）(1).It can be inferred from Paragraph 1 thatA. a large part of the Pacific doesnt have shipping lanes.B. most of the rubbish in th
10、e Pacific comes from the U.SC. the first link of the food chain of sea lives on plastic.D. the quantity of rubbish in the Pacific increases day by day.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The second paragraph mainly demonstratesA. space garbage hazard towards people.B. that people produce waste of all kinds with la
11、rge amount.C. whether people should take recycling into account.D. Ken Noguchi five clean-up expeditions.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The example of Britain indicates thatA. a large proportion of waste is generated by developed countries.B. there are many other kinds of rubbish besides municipal waste.C. mi
12、ning extraction generates large quantity of waste.D. agricultural waste makes up a large proportion of the total.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(4).By mentioning the definition of waste, the author intends toA. clear the misunderstanding of its meaning and its coverage.B. state that people tends to like the new a
13、nd hate the old.C. manifest the fact people dont record things about rubbish by sarcasm.D. prove that ignorance can lead to terror and inaction.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The incident of New York rubbish ship took place becauseA. people were ignorant of the rubbish disposal capacity of their country.B. go
14、vernment was in great dilemma of whether starts recycling or not.C. economics was in such recession as not be able to dispose the garbage.D. U.S. didnt have enough dump sites to digest the waste.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.The United States is not (thank goodness) a culturally homogeneous country. It consists
15、of many distinct moral communities. On certain social issues, such as abortion and homosexuality, people dont agree and probably never willand the signal political advantage of the federalist system is that they dont have to. Individuals and groups who find the values or laws of one state obnoxious
16、have the right to live somewhere else.The nationalization of abortion policy in the Supreme Courts 1973 Roe v. Wade decision created a textbook example of what can happen when this federalist principle is ignored. If the Supreme Court had not stepped in, abortion would today be legal in most states
17、but not all; pro-lifers would have the comfort of knowing they could live in a state whose law was compatible with their views. Instead of endlessly confronting a cultural schism that affects every Supreme Court nomination, we would see occasional local flare-ups in state legislatures or courtrooms.
18、America is a stronger country for the moral diversity that federalism uniquely allows. Moral law and family law govern the most intimate and, often, the most controversial spheres of life. For the sake of domestic tranquility, domestic law is best left to a level of government that is close to home.
19、So well suited is the federalist system to the gay-marriage issue that it might almost have been set up to handle it. In a new land whose citizens followed different religious traditions, it would have made no sense to centralize marriage or family law. And so marriage has been the domain of local l
20、aw not just since the days of the Founders but since Colonial times, before the states were states. To my knowledge, the federal government has overruled the states on marriage only twice. The first time was when it required Utah to ban polygamy as a condition for joining the Unionand note that this
21、 ruling was issued before Utah became a state. The second time was in 1967, when the Supreme Court, in Loving v. Virginia, struck down sixteen states bans on interracial marriage. Here the Court said not that marriage should be defined by the federal government but only that states could not define
22、marriage in ways that violated core constitutional rights. On the one occasion when Congress directly addressed same-sex marriage, in the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act, it decreed that the federal government would not recognize same-sex marriages but took care not to impose that rule on the states.（分
23、数：20.00）(1).The political advantages of a federalist system is thatA. people may have different opinions about abortion.B. controversial opinions on certain social issues are allowed.C. some states are more obnoxious than others.D. people can move from state to state if they like.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(2
24、).What we know about abortion law in American is thatA. it is illegal in all over America to have an abortion.B. the Supreme Court had not interfered in abortion law.C. abortion used to be a legal practice in most states.D. abortion is still legal in most states in America today.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(3)
25、.The local government is often responsible for local domestic law affairs becauseA. the Supreme Court deems it a big burden.B. this way of handling domestic laws guarantees a better stability.C. local families resent the decisions made by the Supreme Court.D. the moral diversity is stronger on the l
26、ocal level of government.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The author seems to think that gay marriage should beA. left to the decision of individual state government.B. the sole responsibility of the federal government.C. banned on both the federal and the local levels.D. overruled by the Supreme Court as soon
27、as possible.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(5).We can learn from the text thatA. the federal government and the local government may have different rulings concerning the legal status of gay marriage.B. the federal government has a long history of interfering in the decisions concerning marriage issues on local l
28、evels.C. the federal government has never made a clear expression about their decision concerning gay marriage.D. if local government allows gay marriage then that marriage will also be recognized by the federal government.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.The teenagers are clustered around lunch tables, wolfing dow
29、n heaps of beans on toast or pasta with a spicy eggplant sauce, buttering their bread, peeling oranges. These kids are refueling. It is midway through week five of a six-week sports camp, and they have spent the morning running and doing basketball drills. Thatalong with the fact that they are, afte
30、r all, teenagersmeans they are hungry.Based at Leeds Metropolitan University, the Carnegie International Camp is Britains first summer weight-loss program for children, and their counselors know exactly how many calories are on those lunch plates. Some 40 boys and girls, 11 to 17, pay $550 a week to
31、 be put on monitored meal plans, attend nutrition classes, have their body fat measured and, every day, exercise until they are ready to dropor at least feign knee injuries. All of these kids had to be around 35% above the World Health Organizations mean recommended weight to be accepted and chose t
32、o spend their summer vacations this way.It is nice, some of the campers say, to be someplace where they are not outcasts: where some of them, for the first time ever, can make friends, go on dates, and get special attention in sports classes, rather than get chosen last. By summers end the weight lo
33、sses were not dramatic. Most campers shed around 2 kg a week. That slow, steady loss, rather than some dramatic disappearance of pounds that will reappear by Christmas, is exactly what Paul Gately, the camps founder and a lecturer in exercise physiology and health at the university, intended. “The m
34、ain aim is to encourage them to be active and competent at sports, and then theyll get confident,“ he says. “And if you get them early you can prevent diseases later in life.“In our weight-obsessed society, it is sometimes easy to forget that more than a cosmetic issue fat is also a pressing health
35、concern. Gately is a member a small European community of health and medical professionals who are focusing on one of the regions, most serious and most misunderstood health problems: obesity. Obesity is defined by WHO as a body mass index (BMI)ones weight in kilograms divided by the square of ones
36、height in metersequal to or greater than 30. A person 1.78rn tall and tipping the scales at 125 kg, for example, would have a BMI of 39.5, definitely obese. It is a risk factor for a wide range of serious medical conditions, including diabetes, heart disease, stroke and certain forms of cancer, gall
37、 bladder disease and joint problems.（分数：20.00）(1).The first paragraph is mainly written toA. explain why children take part in the weight loss program.B. describe what children usually take as their lunch food.C. persuade how to supply energy for childrens body.D. illustrate how hungry those teenage
38、rs are when in the sports camp.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The author mentions the Carnegie International Camp to illustrate thatA. it is the first summer weight-loss program for children in the Great Britain.B. it requires that children should eat less and exercise more for weight-loss.C. it is a profit-m
39、aking company founded by the World Health Organization.D. it is set up for building up childrens confidence and health awareness.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Some children in the sports camp like it becauseA. it provides them an opportunity to make friends with others.B. it helps them to lose lots of weight
40、 very quickly.C. it offers them a chance to be specifically outstanding.D. it fills them with a lot of delicious food and drinks.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following is not one of the results caused by overweight according to this passage?A. Lack of confidence.B. Kinds of diseases.C. Cosmetic
41、 problems.D. Economic stress.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The main topic of this passage is aboutA. how to lose weight. B. what the overweight is.C. why lose weight. D. where to lose weight.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.Everywhere you look in contemporary America you see a people engaged in the pursuit of happiness. You
42、 can see it in work habits. Americans on average not only work longer and harder than most Europeans, but endure lengthy commutes to and from work. You can see it in geographical mobility. About 40 m of them move every year. They are remarkably willing to travel huge distances in pursuit of things l
43、ike bowling conventions and so on. And you can see it in the countrys general hopefulness: two-thirds of Americans are optimistic about the future.Since Americans are energetic even in deconstructing their own founding principles, there is no shortage of people who have taken exception to the happin
44、ess pursuit. They range from conservatives like Robert Bork, believing the phrase summarizes the “emptiness at the heart of American ideology“, to liberals who think that it is a justification for an acquisitive society.One criticism is that the pursuit is self-defeating. The more you pursue the ill
45、usion of happiness the more you sacrifice the real thing. The other side of mobility is turmoil and anxiety, broken marriages and unhappy children. Americans have less job security than ever before. They even report having fewer close friends than a few decades ago. And international studies of happ
46、iness suggest that people in certain poor countries, such as Mexico, are apparently happier than Americans.Another criticism is that Americans have confused happiness with material possessions. It is notable that Thomas Jeffersons call echoes Adam Smiths phrase about “life, liberty and the pursuit o
47、f property“. Do all those pairs of Manolo Blahnik shoes really make you happy? Or are they just a compensation for empty lives like in the soap opera Sex in the City?If opinion polls on such matters mean anythingand that is dubiousthey suggest that both these criticisms are flawed. A 2006 Pew Resear
48、ch Centre study“Are we happy yet?“claims that 84% of Americans are either “very happy“ or “pretty happy“. The Harris Polls 2004 “feel good index“ found that 95% are pleased with their homes and 91% are pleased with their social lives. The Pew About sponsorship polls show that money does indeed go so
49、me way towards buying happiness. They also suggest that Americans, devotion to religion makes them happier still.The pursuit of happiness accounts for all sorts of peculiarities of American life: from the $700/m spent on self-help books per year to the irritating dinner guests constantly looking at their BlackBerry cell phones. This pursuit may even help to explain the surge of anti-Americanism. Many people dislike it precisely because it is doing exactly what Jefferson intended. For some Europeans, the pursuit of happiness in the form of monster cars an
