1、考研英语（二）模拟试卷 138 及答案解析(总分：136.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Amtrakthe largest railway company in the U.S.was experiencing a declining in ride
2、rship.【C1】_major concerns to Amtrak and its advertising agency DDB Needham, were the long-distance western routes【C2】_ridership had been declining【C3】_ At one time, trains were the only practical way to【C4】_the vast areas of the west. Trains were fast, very luxurious, and quite convenient【C5】_to oth
3、er forms of transportation existing at the time. However, times change and the automobile became Americas standard of convenience. Also, air travel had easily【C6】_itself as the fastest method of traveling great distances.【C7】_, the task for DDB Needham was to【C8】_consumers to consider other aspects
4、of train travel in order to【C9】_their attitudes and increase the likelihood that trains would be considered【C10】_travel in the west. Two portions of the total market were targeted: anxious fliersthose concerned with【C11】_, and travel-loversthose【C12】_themselves relaxed, casual, and interested in the
5、 travel experiences as part of【C13】_vacation. The agency then developed a campaign that focused on travel【C14】_such as freedom, relaxation, and enjoyment of the great western outdoors. It【C15】_experiences gained by using the trains and portrayed western train trips as wonderful adventures. Advertise
6、ments showed pictures of the beautiful scenery that【C16】_be enjoyed along some of the more famous western routes and emphasized the romantic names of some of these trains (Empire Builder, etc.). These ads were strategically placed among【C17】_oriented TV shows and programs involving nature and Americ
7、a in order to most【C18】_reach target audiences. Results were【C19】_The Empire Builder, which was focused on in one ad, had a fifteen percent【C20】_in profits on its Chicago to Seattle route.（分数：40.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.WithB.TheC.InD.Of(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.whichB.whereC.whoseD.that(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.imp
8、ortantlyB.significantlyC.fundamentallyD.unnoticeably(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.penetrateB.moveC.escapeD.cross(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.comparedB.recommendedC.turnedD.shown(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.setB.claimedC.establishedD.regarded(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.WhereasB.HoweverC.ThereforeD.Moreover(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.encourageB.indu
9、ceC.stimulateD.discourage(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.scoldB.strengthenC.transferD.change(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.atB.forC.asD.with(11).【C11】（分数：2.00）A.timeB.spaceC.costD.safety(12).【C12】（分数：2.00）A.adjustingB.viewingC.makingD.considering(13).【C13】（分数：2.00）A.onesB.theirsC.theirD.themselves(14).【C14】（分数：2.00）A.habi
10、tsB.attitudesC.experimentsD.experiences(15).【C15】（分数：2.00）A.involvedB.indicatedC.stressedD.overlooked(16).【C16】（分数：2.00）A.couldB.willC.shallD.should(17).【C17】（分数：2.00）A.governmentB.childrenC.familyD.business(18).【C18】（分数：2.00）A.sufficientlyB.quicklyC.unquestionablyD.effectively(19).【C19】（分数：2.00）A.u
11、nseenB.uncountableC.uselessD.impressive(20).【C20】（分数：2.00）A.expansionB.changeC.increaseD.loss二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：52.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._New science reveals
12、 how your brain is hard-wired when it comes to spendingand how you can reboot it. The choice to spend rather than save reflects a very humanand, some would say, Americanquirk: a preference for immediate gratification over future gains. In other words, we get far more joy from buying a new pair of sh
13、oes today, or a Caribbean vacation, or an iPhone 4S, than from imagining a comfortable life tomorrow. Throw in an instant-access culturein which we can get answers on the Internet within seconds, have a coffeepot delivered to our door overnight, and watch movies on demandand were not exactly trainin
14、g the next generation to delay gratification. “Pleasure now is worth more to us than pleasure later,“ says economist William Dickens of Northeastern University, “We much prefer current consumption to future consumption. It may even be wired into us. “ As brain Scientists plumb the neurology of an af
15、ternoon at the mall, they are discovering measurable differences between the brains of people who save and those who spend with abandon, particularly in areas of the brain that predict consequences, process the sense of reward, spur motivation, and control memory. In fact, neuroscientists are mappin
16、g the brains saving and spending circuits so precisely that they have been able to stir up the saving and disable the spending in some people. The result: people s preferences switch from spending like a drunken sailor to saving like a child of the Depression. All told, the gray matter responsible f
17、or some of our most crucial decisions is finally revealing its secrets. Psychologists and behavioral economists, meanwhile, are identifying the personality types and other traits that distinguish savers from spenders, showing that people who arent good savers are neither stupid nor irrationalbut oft
18、en simply dont accurately foresee the consequences of not saving. Rewire the brain to find pleasure in future rewards, and youre on the path to a future you really want. In one experiment, neuroeconomist Paul Glimcher of New York University wanted to see what it would take for people to willingly de
19、lay gratification. He gave a dozen volunteers a choice: $ 20 now or more money, from $ 20.25 to $ 110, later. On one end of the spectrum was the person who agreed to take $21 in a monthto essentially wait a month in order to gain just $ 1. In economics-speak, this kind of person has a “flat discount
20、 function“, meaning he values tomorrow almost as much as today and is therefore able to delay gratification. At the other end was someone who was willing to wait a month only if he got $ 68, a premium of $48 from the original offer. This is someone economists call a “steep discounter“, meaning the v
21、alue he puts on the future (and having money then) is dramatically less than the value he places on today; when he wants something, he wants it now.（分数：10.00）(1).When it comes to spending, new evidence shows that it_.（分数：2.00）A.is a difficult habit to explainB.can be stopped and restartedC.is a diff
22、icult mental decisionD.is an inherent disposition(2).When brain scientists “plumb the neurology of an afternoon at the mail“, they_.（分数：2.00）A.spend a whole afternoon watching shoppers going roundB.interview shoppers to ask them embarrassing questionsC.measure the brain activity of people engaged in
23、 shoppingD.study current consumption rather than future consumption(3).The scientists studying spending habits_.（分数：2.00）A.can change peoples buying habits by making them drunk like sailorsB.are still at a loss about what causes some people to save or spendC.can change those who spend with abandon i
24、nto those who saveD.can predict whether people spend or save by controlling peoples memory(4).If you are rewarded for saving, you are likely to_.（分数：2.00）A.abandon unnecessary purchasesB.demand more rewardsC.become irrational and stupidD.care less about the consequences(5).Neuroeconomist Paul Glimch
25、er wants to find out_.（分数：2.00）A.whether people agree to delay a bigger gratificationB.what makes people postpone satisfactionC.how steep discounters gratify themselvesD.what creates the flat discount functionAlthough Consumers Union concedes that “no confirmed cases of harm to humans from manufactu
26、red nanoparticles have been reported“, it adds that “there is cause for concern based on several worrisome findings from the limited laboratory and animal research so far.“ It worries that particles that are nontoxic at normal sizes may become toxic when nanosized; that these nanoparticles, which ar
27、e already present in cosmetics and food, can more easily “enter the body and its Vital organs, including the brain“, than normal particles; and that nanomaterials will linger longer in the environment. All of this really comes down to pointing out that some particles are smaller than others. Size is
28、 not a reliable indicator of potential harm to human beings, and nature itself is filled with nanoparticles. But the default assumption of danger from the new is palpable . Anti-nanotech sentiment has not been restricted to Consumers Unions relatively short list of concerns. In France, groups of hun
29、dreds of protesters have rallied against even such benign manifestations of the technology as the carbon nanotubules that allow Parkinson s sufferers to stop tremors by directing medicine to their own brains. In England members of a group called THRONG (The Heavenly Righteous Opposed to Nanotech Gre
30、ed) have disrupted nanotech business conferences dressed as angels. In 2005 naked protesters appeared in front of an Eddie Bauer store in Chicago to condemn one of the more visible uses of nanotech: stain-resistant pants. These nanopants employ billions of tiny whiskers to create a layer of air abov
31、e the rest of the fabric, causing liquids to roll off easily. Its not quite what Kurzweil and Crichton had in mind, nor is it “little robots in your pants“, as CNN put it. But nanotechnology arguably embraces any item that incorporates engineering at the molecular level, including mundane products l
32、ike this one. Just as the nano label can be broadly applied to products for branding and attention-grabbing purposes, so too can critics use the label to condemn barely related developments by linking them to the (still hypothetical) problems of nanopollution and gray goo. But theres a danger in thi
33、nking of nanotech only in god-or-goo terms. People at both extremes of the controversy fail to appreciate the humble, incremental, yet encouraging progress that nanotech researchers are making. And focusing on dramatic visions of nanotech heaven or hell may foster restrictions that delay or block in
34、novations that can extend and improve our lives.（分数：10.00）(1).What worries Consumers Union is that nanoparticles_.（分数：2.00）A.become essential components of cosmetics and foodB.linger in environment and are omnipresent in natureC.present in products may cause harm to human beingsD.can enter the brain
35、 more easily than normal particles(2).The word “palpable“ in the last sentence of the first paragraph most probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.detectableB.availableC.understandableD.tangible(3).The example of carbon nanotubules is cited to show that_.（分数：2.00）A.even potential benefit of nanotech may cause wo
36、rryB.anti-nanotech sentiment predominates in FranceC.Consumers Unions worry about nanotech is negligibleD.nanotech relieves the pain of Parkinsons sufferers(4).It seems that nanopants_.（分数：2.00）A.initiate engineering at the molecular levelB.tend to provoke anti-nanotech sentimentC.are as ordinary as
37、 any mundane productD.are not as harmful as some people think(5).The author argues that nanotech is_.（分数：2.00）A.neither inferior nor superiorB.neither credible nor reliableC.neither god nor devilD.neither harmful nor beneficial“Whats the difference between God and Larry Ellison?“ asks an old softwar
38、e industry joke. Answer: God doesnt think hes Larry Ellison. The boss of Oracle is hardly alone a-mong corporate chiefs in having a reputation for being rather keen on himself.Indeed, until the bubble burst and the public turned nasty at the start of the decade, the worship of the celebrity chief ex
39、ecutive seemed to demand bossly narcissism, as evidence that a firm was being led by an all-conquering hero. Narcissus met a nasty end , of course. And in recent years, boss-worship has come to be seen as bad for business. In his management bestseller,“ Good to Great“, Jim Collins argued that the tr
40、uly successful bosses were not the self-proclaimed stars who adorn the covers of Forbes and Fortune, but instead self-effacing, thoughtful sorts who lead by inspiring example. A statistical answer may be at hand. For the first time, a new study, “Its All About Me“, to be presented next week at the a
41、nnual gathering of the American Academy of Manage ment, offers a systematic, empirical analysis of what effect narcissistic bosses have on the firms they run. The authors, Arijit Chatterjee and Donald Hambrick, of Pennsylvania State University, examined narcissism in the upper rank of 105 firms in t
42、he computer and software industries. To do this, they had to solve a practical problem: studies of narcissism have relied on surveying individuals personally, something for which few chief executives are likely to have time or inclination. So the authors devised an index of narcissism using six publ
43、icly available indicators obtainable without the co-operation of the boss. These are: the prominence of the bosss photo in the annual report; his prominence in company press releases; the length of his “Whos Who“ entry; the frequency of his use of the first person singular in interviews; and the rat
44、ios of his cash and non-cash compensation to those of the firms second-highest paid executive. Narcissism naturally drives people to seek positions of power and influence, and because great self-esteem helps your professional advance, say the authors, chief executives will tend on average to be more
45、 narcissistic than the general population. Messrs Chatterjee and Hambrick found that highly narcissistic bosses tended to make bigger changes in the use of important resources, such as research and development, or in spending; they carried out more and bigger mergers and acquisitions; and their resu
46、lts were both more extreme (more big wins or big losses) and more unstable than those of firms run by their humbler peers.（分数：10.00）(1).Larry Ellison is mentioned in the first paragraph to show that_.（分数：2.00）A.many corporate chiefs are notorious for being selfishB.a boss narcissism might have an ef
47、fect on his businessC.some corporate chiefs like to compare themselves to GodD.egotism of a boss is fundamental to the success of a firm(2).The statement “Narcissus met a nasty end“ (Line 1, Para. 2) implies that_.（分数：2.00）A.boss-worship will result in self-asserted leadersB.selfishness of a boss wi
48、ll be subject to public criticismC.a self-centered boss is always troubled with business disastersD.egotism of chief executives may lead to undesirable consequences(3).The study “Its All About Me“ is designed to_.（分数：2.00）A.analyze the effect of selfishness on a boss as well as company employeesB.test whether narcissism should be valued in the computer industryC.explore the relationship between a boss narcissism and business
