1、考研英语（二）模拟试卷 139 及答案解析(总分：136.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Aging poses a serious challenge to OECD (Organization of Economic Co-operation an
2、d Development) countries, in particular, how to pay for future public pension liabilities. And early retirement places an【C1】_burden on pension financing. There is no easy solution, but【C2】_retirement could help. Early retirement may seem like a【C3】_individual goal, but it is a socially expensive on
3、e, and makes the present public pension system difficult to sustain for long. The【C4】_reason is that more people are retiring early and living longer. That means more retirees depending on the funding of those in work for their【C5】_, The【C6】_is worrying. In the next 50 years, low fertility rates and
4、 rising life expectancy in OECD countries will cause this old-age dependency rate to roughly double in size. Public pension payments, which【C7】_30c80 % of total retirement incomes in OECD countries, are【C8】_to rise, on average, by over three percentage points in GDP and by as much as eight percentag
5、e points in some countries. 【C9】_is the pressure on pension funds that there is a danger of todays workers not getting the pensions they expected or felt they【C10】_for. Action is needed,【C11】_simply aiming to reduce the【C12】_(and cost) of public pensions, or trying to【C13】_the role of privately fund
6、ed pensions within the system, though necessary steps, may be【C14】_to deal with the dependency challenge. After years of 【C15】_early retirement schemes to avoid【C16】_and higher unemployment, many governments are now looking【C17】_persuading people to stay in work until they are older.【C18】_, the thin
7、king goes, if we are healthier now and jobs are physically less【C19】_and unemployment is down, then perhaps the【C20】_rate should rise a new.（分数：40.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.unbelievableB.unsolvableC.unwantedD.unsustainable(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.hinderingB.delayingC.prolongingD.enforcing(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.in
8、scrutableB.unpracticalC.worthyD.undeserved(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.controversialB.superficialC.trivialD.essential(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.incomeB.expenseC.nursingD.insurance(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.outsetB.outcomeC.outbreakD.outlook(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.investB.deductC.affordD.cost(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.authorizedB.expected
9、C.intendedD.conceived(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.SuchB.AsC.ItD.So(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.are paidB.should payC.would payD.be paid(11).【C11】（分数：2.00）A.forB.butC.whenD.and(12).【C12】（分数：2.00）A.visibilityB.credibilityC.generosityD.popularity(13).【C13】（分数：2.00）A.augmentB.minimizeC.defineD.assess(14).【C14】（分数：2.00）A.
10、inefficientB.insufficientC.indispensableD.inevitable(15).【C15】（分数：2.00）A.exploringB.consideringC.debatingD.advancing(16).【C16】（分数：2.00）A.inflationB.discrepanciesC.redundanciesD.depression(17).【C17】（分数：2.00）A.intoB.atC.onD.about(18).【C18】（分数：2.00）A.SurelyB.AccordinglyC.SimilarlyD.Lately(19).【C19】（分数：
11、2.00）A.oppressiveB.turbulentC.tiresomeD.strenuous(20).【C20】（分数：2.00）A.presentB.mortalityC.dependencyD.fertility二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：52.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._P
12、ower and water are interconnected and that has serious consequences for the American West as it grapples with climate change. By now, everyone knows you save energy by turning out lights. And you conserve water by taking shorter showers. But its just as true that saving water may be one of the most
13、effective ways to save energyand vice versa . “Its a buy one, get one free deal,“ said Douglas Kenney, a professor at the University of Colorado Law School and the editor of an upcoming book that explores the nexus of water and energy. In California today, just delivering water accounts for 20 perce
14、nt of the states energy consumption. It takes power to gather water, purify water, and distribute water, especially in places like southern California where water is piped hundreds of miles to supply Los Angeles sprawling demands. Nationally, energy production sucks more water from freshwater source
15、s than any other sector except agriculture. It takes water to create the power we use to drive our cars, transport our groceries, and run our toaster ovens. Virtually every source of electricity in a typical American home or manufacturing plantwhether it comes from hydroelectricity, coal, natural ga
16、s, nuclear, biofuels, or even concentrated solaralso requires water. Lots of water. Thats a growing problem, because in many places, finding water for energy isnt easy and its bound to get tougher as energy demands soar and climate change alters hydrological cycles in already arid regions. The energ
17、y sector is the fastest-growing water consumer in the United States, according to a January 2011 Congressional Research Service report. Nationally, thats a challenge, but regionally it could be a calamity. As the Congressional Research report notes, “much of the growth in the energy sectors water de
18、mand is concentrated in regions with already intense competition over water.“ The connection between energy and waterand the precariousness of that link in the western United Statesis exemplified in a gigantic plug of concrete stopping the muddy Colorado River above Las Vegas, otherwise known as Hoo
19、ver Dam. At the ceremony inaugurating the Hoover Dam provided the two key ingredientswater and powerthat freed the Southwest and southern California to go on a 75-year growth spurt. Lake Mead now supplies water to more than 22 million people, and it produces more than four billion kilowatts of elect
20、ricity per year. The Colorado River, lifeblood of seven western states, is already as overdrawn as the federal treasury. Drought conditions during most of the 21st century have forced water managers to plan for a day when the region s vast system of dams and reservoirs no longer have enough water to
21、 store. Already, utilities have to scramble to respond on days when everybody in Phoenix, Las Vegas and Los Angeles wants to crank their air conditioners during the same heat wave.（分数：10.00）(1).What does “vice versa“ (Line 3, Para. 1) refer to?（分数：2.00）A.Saving water and saving energy could happen m
22、eanwhile.B.Wasting water may be one of the fastest ways to waste energy.C.Saving water may be one of the most effective ways to save energy.D.Saving energy may be one of the most effective ways to save water.(2).Which of the following statement is TRUE?（分数：2.00）A.Energy production sucks water mostly
23、.B.We fuel our cars and run our toaster ovens with water.C.Almost every source of electricity in home or factory requires water.D.Coal, natural gas, nuclear, biofuels require water, however solar does not.(3).It can be inferred from the passage that the Congressional Research Service report consider
24、s the U. S. energy sector_.（分数：2.00）A.efficientB.praiseworthyC.insignificantD.spiny(4).Which of the following can substitute for “overdrawn“ (Line 1, Para. 6)?（分数：2.00）A.Deficient.B.Abundant.C.Significant.D.Prompt.(5).The most appropriate title for this passage could be_.（分数：2.00）A.Electricity Needs
25、 WaterB.Save the Colorado RiverC.How to Save WaterD.Saving Energy and Conserving WaterThe simple act of surrendering a telephone number to a store clerk may seem innocuous so much so that many consumers do it with no questions asked. Yet that one action can set in motion a cascade of silent events,
26、as that data point is acquired, analyzed, categorized, stored and sold over and over again. Future attacks on your privacy may come from anywhere, from anyone with money to purchase that phone number you surrendered. If you doubt the multiplier effect, consider your e-mail inbox. If its loaded with
27、spam, its undoubtedly because at some point in time you unknowingly surrendered your e-mail to the wrong Web site. Do you think your telephone number or address is handled differently? A cottage industry of small companies with names youve probably never heard oflike Acxiom or Merlinbuy and sell you
28、r personal information the way other commodities like corn or cattle futures are bartered. You may think your cell phone is unlisted, but if youve ever ordered a pizza, it might not be. Merlin is one of many commercial data brokers that advertises sale of unlisted phone numbers compiled from various
29、 sourcesincluding pizza delivery companies. These unintended, unpredictable consequences that flow from simple actions make privacy issues difficult to grasp, and grapple with. In a larger sense, privacy also is often cast as a tale of “Big Brother“ the government is watching you or a big corporatio
30、n is watching you. But privacy issues dont necessarily involve large faceless institutions: A spouse takes a casual glance at her husbands Blackberry, a co-worker looks at e-mail over your shoulder or a friend glances at a cell phone text message from the next seat on the bus. While very little of t
31、his is news to anyonepeople are now well aware there are video cameras and Internet cookies everywherethere is abundant evidence that people live their lives ignorant of the monitoring, assuming a mythical level of privacy. People write e-mails and type instant messages they never expect anyone to s
32、ee. Just ask Mark Foley or even Bill Gates, whose e-mails were a cornerstone of the Justice Department s antitrust case against Microsoft. And polls and studies have repeatedly shown that Americans are indifferent to privacy concerns. The general defense for such indifference is summed up a single p
33、hrase: “I have nothing to hide.“ If you have nothing to hide, why shouldnt the government be able to peek at your phone records, your wife see your e-mail or a company send you junk mail? Its a powerful argument, one that privacy advocates spend considerable time discussing and strategizing over. It
34、 is hard to deny, however, that people behave different when theyre being watched. And it is also impossible to deny that Americans are now being watched more than at any time in history.（分数：10.00）(1).The email example in the Paragraphl shows_.（分数：2.00）A.email will become an area for potential attac
35、ks on privacyB.the communication via email is replacing that via telephoneC.email has become the predominant means of communicationD.careless surrendering of personal information can be harmful(2).Companies like Acxiom or Merlin_.（分数：2.00）A.are law firms specializing in dealing with privacy issuesB.
36、make a profit by acquiring and selling personal informationC.are agencies whose major mission is to protect privacyD.compile telephone directories for local business transaction(3).It can be inferred from the third paragraph that_.（分数：2.00）A.the Justice Department has done nothing about privacy issu
37、es so farB.people are now clearly aware how their privacy can be invadedC.Bill Gates email messages have been used against him in his lawsuitD.cases of intrusion on privacy are the most serious in large institutions(4).To the popular saying “I have nothing to hide,“ the authors response is one of_.（
38、分数：2.00）A.disapprovalB.puzzlementC.contemptD.admiration(5).What advice might the author give to the ordinary people?（分数：2.00）A.Raise your awareness of self-protection.B.Use your cell phone and email wisely.C.Dont respond too readily to telephone messages.D.Never leave your telephone number anywhere.
39、Come oneverybodys doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us thinking of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no gooddrinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also
40、 be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world. Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social cure in action: In S
41、outh Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers. The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive o
42、bserver. Her critique of the lameness of many public-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. “Dare to be different, please dont smoke!“ pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing sm
43、oking among teenagersteenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure. But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the
44、 Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as its presented here is that it doesnt work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state
45、funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program prodvices lasting changes is limited and mixed. There s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habitsas well as negative onesspread through networks of friends
46、 via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day. Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. Its like the teacher who bre
47、aks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And thats the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the first pa
48、ragraph, peer pressure often emerges as_.（分数：2.00）A.a stimulus to group dynamicsB.a cause of undesirable behaviorsC.an obstacle to school progressD.a supplement to the social cure(2).Rosenberg holds that public advocates should_.（分数：2.00）A.stay away from commercial advertisersB.recognize the limitations of advertisementsC.learn from advertisers experienceD.recruit professional advertisers(3).In the authors view, Rosenbergs book fails
