1、考研英语（翻译）-试卷 21 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.（分数：10.00）_In studying both the recurrence of special habits or id
2、eas in several districts, and their prevalence within each district, there come before us ever-reiterated proofs of regular causation producing the phenomena of human life, and of laws of maintenance and diffusion conditions of society, at definite stages of culture.【F1】 But, while giving full impor
3、tance to the evidence bearing on these standard conditions of society, let us be careful to avoid a pitfall which may entrap the unwary student. 【F2】 Of course, the opinions and habits belonging in common to masses of mankind are to a great extent the results of sound judgment and practical wisdom.
4、But to a great extent it is not so. That many numerous societies of men should have believed in the influence of the evil eye and the existence of a firmament, should have sacrificed slaves and goods to the ghosts of the departed, should have handed down traditions of giants slaying monsters and men
5、 turning into beastsall this is ground for holding that such ideas were indeed produced in men“s minds by efficient causes, but it is not ground for holding that the rites in question are profitable, the beliefs sound, and the history authentic.【F3】 This may seem at the first glance a truism, but, i
6、n fact, it is the denial of a fallacy which deeply affects the minds of all but a small critical minority of mankind. Popularly, what everybody says must be true, what everybody does must be right. 【F4】 There are various topics where even the educated people can hardly be brought to see that the cau
7、se why men do hold an opinion, or practise a custom, is by no means necessarily a reason why they ought to do so. Now collections of ethnographic evidence, bringing so prominently into view the agreement of immense multitudes of men as to certain traditions, beliefs, and usages, are peculiarly liabl
8、e to be thus improperly used in direct defense of these institutions themselves, even old barbaric nations being polled to maintain their opinions against what are called modern ideas. As it has more than once happened to myself to find my collections of traditions and beliefs thus set up to prove t
9、heir own objective truth, without proper examination of the grounds on which they were actually received.【F5】 I take this occasion of remarking that the same line of argument will serve equally well to demonstrate, by the strong and wide consent of nations, that the earth is flat, and night-mare the
10、 visit of a demon.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_“I“ve never met a human worth cloning,“ says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from the cramped confines of his lab at Texas A others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity; st
11、ill others vary wildly, with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the weather, and in other cases not. To impose some order on this kaleidoscope of patterns, one school of thought proposes dividing populations into two groups. These ecologists posit that the relativel
12、y steady populations have density-dependent growth parameters; that is, rates of birth, death, and migration which depend strongly on population density.【F2】 The highly varying populations have density-independent growth parameters, with vital rates buffeted by environmental events; these rates fluc
13、tuate in a way that is wholly independent of population density. This dichotomy has its uses, but it can cause problems if taken too literally. For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth, death, and m
14、igration rates may be fluctuating around their long-term averages, if there were no density-dependent effects, the population would, in the long run, either increase or decrease without bound(barring a miracle by which gains and losses canceled exactly).【F3】 Put another way, it may be that on averag
15、e 99 percent of all deaths in a population arise from density-independent causes, and only one percent from factors varying with density. The factors making up the one percent may seem unimportant, and their cause may be correspondingly hard to determine. Yet, whether recognized or not, they will us
16、ually determine the long-term average population density. In order to understand the nature of the ecologist“s investigation, we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the signal ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret, one that tends to make the population increas
17、e from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones, while the density-independent effects act to produce noise in the population dynamics.【F4】 For populations that remain relatively constant, or that oscillate around repeated cycles, the signal can be fairly easily characterized and
18、its effects described, even though the causative biological mechanism may remain unknown. 【F5】 For irregularly fluctuating populations, we are likely to have too few observations to have any hope of extracting the signal from the overwhelming noise. But it now seems clear that all populations are re
19、gulated by a mixture of density-dependent and density-independent effects in varying proportions.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_In the next century we“ll be able to alter our DNA radically, encoding our visions and vanities while c
20、oncocting new life-forms.【F1】 When Dr. Frankenstein made his monster, he wrestled with the moral issue of whether he should allow it to reproduce, “Had I the right, for my own benefit, to inflict the curse upon everlasting generations?“ Will such questions require us to develop new moral philosophie
21、s? Probably not. Instead, we“ll reach again for a time tested moral concept, one sometimes called the Golden Rule and which Kant, the millennium“s most prudent moralist, conjured up into a categorical imperative:【F2】 Do unto others as you would have them do unto you; treat each person as an individu
22、al rather than as a means to some end. 【F3】 Under this moral precept we should recoil at human cloning, because it inevitably entails using humans as means to other humans“ ends and valuing them as copies of others we loved or as collections of body parts, not as individuals in their own right. We s
23、hould also draw a line, however fuzzy, that would permit using genetic engineering to cure diseases and disabilities but not to change the personal attributes that make someone an individual(IQ, physical appearance, gender and sexuality). The biotech age will also give us more reason to guard our pe
24、rsonal privacy. Aldous Huxley in Brave New World, got it wrong: rather than centralizing power in the hands of the state, DNA technology has empowered individuals and families.【F4】 But the state will have an important role, making sure that no one, including insurance companies, can look at our gene
25、tic data without our permission or use it to discriminate against us. 【F5】 Then we can get ready for the breakthroughs that could come at the end of the next century and the technology is comparable to mapping our genes: plotting the 10 billion or more neurons of our brain. With that information we
26、might someday be able to create artificial intelligences that think and experience consciousness in ways that are indistinguishable from a human brain. Eventually we might be able to replicate our own minds in a “dry ware“ machine, so that we could live on without the “wet ware“ of a biological brai
27、n and body. The 20th century“s revolution in info-technology will thereby merge with the 21st century“s revolution in biotechnology. But this is science fiction. Let“s turn the page now and get back to real science.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5)
28、.【F5】（分数：2.00）_考研英语（翻译）-试卷 21 答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_解析：2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.（分数：10.00）_解析：In studying both the recurrence of
29、special habits or ideas in several districts, and their prevalence within each district, there come before us ever-reiterated proofs of regular causation producing the phenomena of human life, and of laws of maintenance and diffusion conditions of society, at definite stages of culture.【F1】 But, whi
30、le giving full importance to the evidence bearing on these standard conditions of society, let us be careful to avoid a pitfall which may entrap the unwary student. 【F2】 Of course, the opinions and habits belonging in common to masses of mankind are to a great extent the results of sound judgment an
31、d practical wisdom. But to a great extent it is not so. That many numerous societies of men should have believed in the influence of the evil eye and the existence of a firmament, should have sacrificed slaves and goods to the ghosts of the departed, should have handed down traditions of giants slay
32、ing monsters and men turning into beastsall this is ground for holding that such ideas were indeed produced in men“s minds by efficient causes, but it is not ground for holding that the rites in question are profitable, the beliefs sound, and the history authentic.【F3】 This may seem at the first gla
33、nce a truism, but, in fact, it is the denial of a fallacy which deeply affects the minds of all but a small critical minority of mankind. Popularly, what everybody says must be true, what everybody does must be right. 【F4】 There are various topics where even the educated people can hardly be brought
34、 to see that the cause why men do hold an opinion, or practise a custom, is by no means necessarily a reason why they ought to do so. Now collections of ethnographic evidence, bringing so prominently into view the agreement of immense multitudes of men as to certain traditions, beliefs, and usages,
35、are peculiarly liable to be thus improperly used in direct defense of these institutions themselves, even old barbaric nations being polled to maintain their opinions against what are called modern ideas. As it has more than once happened to myself to find my collections of traditions and beliefs th
36、us set up to prove their own objective truth, without proper examination of the grounds on which they were actually received.【F5】 I take this occasion of remarking that the same line of argument will serve equally well to demonstrate, by the strong and wide consent of nations, that the earth is flat
37、, and night-mare the visit of a demon.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：但是，在充分强调这些和社会标准条件相关的证据的同时，我们必须小心谨慎，避免陷入粗心大意的学生常常掉进的陷阱。)解析：(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：诚然，属于大多数人所共有的观念和习惯在很大程度上是合理的判断和实践智慧的结果。)解析：(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：乍一看，这似乎像是老生常谈，然而事实上，这是对一种谬论的否定：这种谬论深深植根于人类的头脑中，只有一小部分具有批判性思维的人能免
38、受其误导。)解析：(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：对于很多的话题，甚至那些受过教育的人也很难理解，人们持有某种观点、形成某种习俗的原因绝不一定是他们这样做的理由。)解析：(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：因此，我借此机会想说的是，以上这种推理方式同样也可以证明地球是扁的，噩梦是恶魔的来访，并且可以争得许多民族坚决而广泛的认同。)解析：“I“ve never met a human worth cloning,“ says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from the cramped confines of his
39、 lab at Texas A others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity; still others vary wildly, with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the weather, and in other cases not. To impose some order on this kaleidoscope of patterns, one school of thought proposes divi
40、ding populations into two groups. These ecologists posit that the relatively steady populations have density-dependent growth parameters; that is, rates of birth, death, and migration which depend strongly on population density.【F2】 The highly varying populations have density-independent growth para
41、meters, with vital rates buffeted by environmental events; these rates fluctuate in a way that is wholly independent of population density. This dichotomy has its uses, but it can cause problems if taken too literally. For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factor
42、s all the time. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth, death, and migration rates may be fluctuating around their long-term averages, if there were no density-dependent effects, the population would, in the long run, either increase or decrease without bound(barring a miracle by which gains and losses canceled exactly).【F3】 Put another way, it may be that on average 99 percent of all deaths in a population arise from density-independent causes, and only one percent from factors varying with density. The factors making up the one percent may seem un
