1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 119 及答案解析(总分：70.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：7，分数：70.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_That mythical beast, homo economicus, otherwise cal
2、led Economic man, is utterly clear about the purpose of work: to get paid. He is keener on leisure than on work, and if money can be got without effort, he downs tools. If real people feel the same, then bountiful out-of-work benefits should be found in the same places as work-shy citizens. Yet a cr
3、oss-country comparison of benefits and attitudes to work published on January 28th finds precisely the opposite pattern. Researchers ranked 13 countries according to their generosity (measured by comparing typical benefits to those out of work with the average wage of a production worker) and their
4、citizens“ commitment to work (gauged by asking whether they would work if they did not need the cash, and whether they regarded a job as merely a way to earn a living). They found that the more generous a state is the keener on work its people are. Britons, whose benefits were the stingiest (most un
5、generous) after those that Americans get, were least keen of all on work. One reason may be the skills make-up of the British workforce. The researchers found, logically enough, that professionals and graduates were more positive about work than the unskilled and non-graduates. Fewer Britons than No
6、rwegians (who came top on work commitment) have professional jobs or degrees. But this does not entirely explain their comparative immunity to the attractions of toil: Britons of every social class and level of education were less keen on work than their counterparts elsewhere. Could the “dependency
7、 culture“ currently exercising British politicians be solved by raising benefits? Unlikely, says Alison Park, editor of the annual British Social Attitudes Report, in which the study appeared: attitudes to work vary from country to country for many reasons. The report states that the lavishness of w
8、hat the report terms “encompassing“ states, all Nordic with Lutheran traditions, may have been made possible by a strong work ethic, rather than a stronger commitment to work having emerged as a result of it. And work incentives are affected by features of welfare systems other than overall generosi
9、ty: “corporatist“ states such as Germany, which pay higher benefits to those with a longer work history, may be encouraging positive attitudes to work by such conditionality. Britain“s poor benefits, by contrast, are largely independent of previous employment, which may mean they are seen as an alte
10、rnative to work, rather than as one of the good things that flow from it.（分数：10.00）(1).Homo economicus is characterized as _.（分数：2.00）A.economicalB.lazyC.leisure-obsessedD.benefits-driven(2).What can be inferred from the second paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.The keener on work its people are, the more generou
11、s a state is.B.People who are keen on work will make their state generous.C.The benefits which Britons get were the stingiest.D.Americans got stingier benefits than Britons did.(3).By saying “their comparative immunity to the attractions of toil“ (Para. 3), the author means（分数：2.00）A.Britons are hea
12、lthy enough not to feel illB.Britons have good immune systemC.Britons are not keen on workD.Britons are afraid of hard work(4).According to the British Social Attitudes Report, “encompassing“ states are generous due to _.（分数：2.00）A.the dependency cultureB.a strong work ethicC.the rise of benefitsD.v
13、arious working attitudes(5).Germany is mentioned in the last paragraph to show that _.（分数：2.00）A.Germany pays higher benefits to those with a longer work historyB.corporatist states like Germany provide better benefits than BritainC.welfare system is also likely to influence work incentivesD.Germany
14、 encourages positive work attitudes by paying higher benefitsAs the Senate prepares to vote on legislation to empower the Food and Drug Administration to regulate tobacco products, its members would be wise to consult a recent appeals court decision. The decision makes it clear that the tobacco comp
15、anies have engaged in deceitful and harmful behavior for many decades and cannot be trusted to reform on their own. Regulatory oversight isthe best chance to rein them in. The unanimous ruling by a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia upheld major elem
16、ents of a 2006 lower court decision that found big tobacco companies guilty of racketeering and fraud as part of a prolonged campaign to deceive and addict the public. That 1,742-page opinion, rendered by Judge Gladys Kessler, laid out in painstaking detail how the tobacco companies made false state
17、ments and suppressed evidence to deny or play down the addictive qualities and the adverse health effects of smoking. Judge Kessler found that the companies manipulated the design of cigarettes to deliver addictive doses of nicotine, falsely denied that secondhand smoke caused disease and falsely re
18、presented that light and low-tar cigarettes presented fewer health risks. The appeals court not only upheld her decision as legally sound, it seemed deeply impressed by the “volumes of evidence“ and “countless examples of deliberately false statements“ underlying many of Judge Kessler“s findings. It
19、 also upheld some but not all of the marketing restrictions and other requirements she imposed to prevent the companies from making future false claims and engaging in additional fraudulent activities. The companies protested that they should not be subjected to such requirements because they had al
20、ready agreed to numerous remedies under a settlement agreement with 46 states and the District of Columbia. The appeals panel was rightly unimpressed. It upheld the district court“s findings that after the settlement went into effect in 1998, the companies almost immediately began to evade and viola
21、te various prohibitions against joint activities and false statements. The House has already voted to give the F.D.A power to regulate tobacco. Senators, who are getting ready to vote on similar legislation, now have fair warning, if they needed any more, that this is a dishonest industry. It can“t
22、be trusted to behave responsibly or even adhere to agreements it has signed. It is time to grant the F.D.A the power to regulate the content and marketing of tobacco products.（分数：10.00）(1).Why would it be wise for the senators to consult a recent appeals court decision before voting?（分数：2.00）A.It re
23、veals to senators tobacco companies“ incompetence in self-discipline.B.It makes the senators learn how profitable the tobacco industry is.C.It helps the senators realize the necessity of regulatory oversight.D.It points out that tobacco companies have been liars for many decades.(2).We can infer fro
24、m Judge Kessler“s findings that _.（分数：2.00）A.tobacco companies achieve customer addiction at the cost of their healthB.the adverse health effects of smoking have been chronically underestimatedC.racketeering and fraud have blinded the tobacco companies for a long timeD.the diseases caused by secondh
25、and smoke have been carelessly denied(3).The restrictions and requirements imposed by Judge Kessler _.（分数：2.00）A.have entirely been approved by the appeals courtB.will immediately be violated by the tobacco companiesC.severely overlap with the previous settlement agreementD.are meant to prevent toba
26、cco companies from deceiving(4).The word “rightly“ (Para. 5) can be best replaced by _.（分数：2.00）A.justlyB.understandablyC.evidentlyD.appropriately(5).Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（分数：2.00）A.Self-regulated Tobacco IndustryB.Once a Liar, Always a LiarC.Watch Your Vote, S
27、enatorsD.A Dishonest IndustryWriting for an historical series is tricky, and the outcome is not always a success. The best overall European history in English is the old Fontana History of Europe, but it was uneven in quality, and it suffered because the volumes appeared so far apart in time. The ne
28、w Penguin History of Europe has only recently begun. But judging by this second volume in a projected eight-volume se-ries, it is going to be a smashing success. Tim Blanning, a Cambridge history professor brings to his period knowledge, experience, sound judgment and a colorful narrative style. His
29、 broad range is evident from the start when, in place of the usual recitation of politics and battles, he expounds on such themes as communications, transport, demography and farming. Indeed, much of what might be seen as traditional history is pushed back to the fourth and final part of the book. N
30、ot the least of Mr. Blanning“s achievements is his integrated approach to the entire continent. He jumps nimbly from Spain to the Low Countries, from Russia to Austria, from Prussia to Turkey. Many of Europe“s royal families were related, after all. The author also expertly places the history of the
31、 two greatest rivals of the day, England and France, in its wider European context. Any British Eurosceptic who thinks his country“s history is detached from continental Europe“s would realize from even the most inadequate reading of this book how bound up with the continent it has in fact always be
32、en. The 17th and 18th centuries in Europe were, above all, a period of war. Indeed, it seemed at times as if France and Austria, the leading martial powers in 1648, did little else but fight. Sometimes war helped to stimulate economic and commercial development. But it is striking that it fell to Br
33、itain, which enjoyed at least a few years of peace, to pioneer Europe“s industrialization. The book is stronger on the 18th century than on the second half of the 17th, reflecting the author“s own historical bias. Another weakness is that, though there is a reasonable bibliography, it has no footnot
34、es citing sources, a scandalous omission in a work with serious academic pretensions. It also sometimes takes for granted a basic grounding in the history of the period, which may be problematic for students at whom it is presumably in part aimed. But overall Mr.Blanning has produced a triumphant su
35、ccess.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is true about the old Fontana History of Europe?（分数：2.00）A.Some parts are good, while others not.B.It is an eight-volume historical series.C.It is not a successful historical series.D.It becomes less famous as time goes by.(2).In the second volume, Tim Blan
36、ning wrote the History of Europe _.（分数：2.00）A.in a traditional wayB.in an unconventional wayC.in a separate wayD.in a funny way(3).France and Austria are mentioned in Paragraph 4 to show that _.（分数：2.00）A.they were the leading European military powers in the 17th centuryB.war between these two count
37、ries failed to spur economic and commercial developmentC.war was quite a common thing in the 17th and 18th centuries in EuropeD.the war between them made them lag behind England in development(4).The author thinks Mr. Blanning“s work is flawed because _.（分数：2.00）A.it is ethnically biasedB.it is unev
38、en in qualityC.it lacks bibliographyD.it omits the footnotes(5).We can learn from the text that the second volume of the Penguin History of Europe _.（分数：2.00）A.is the best book on overall European historyB.overtly criticized British EuroscepticismC.explored the European history separatelyD.is an ove
39、rall success despite certain flawsHow long you live has a lot to do with your environment and lifestyle, but exceptional longevity may have even more to do with your genes. For the first time, researchers have identified a genetic recipe that accurately predicts who may live to 100 and beyond. Scien
40、tists led by Dr. Thomas Perls at the Boston University School of Medicine conducted a genetic analysis of more than 1,000centenarians and their matched controls and found 150 genetic variantsor bits of DNAthat differed between the two groups. These variants identified people who lived to a very old
41、age (past 100) with 77% accuracy, researchers found. Further analysis identified 19 distinct genetic profiles associated with extremely long life; 90% of participants who lived to 100 possessed at least one of the signature genetic clusters. Each profile appeared to confer a different tendency to de
42、velop common age-related chronic diseases, such as heart disease or brain disorder. “We realize this is a complex genetic puzzle,“ Perls said. “We“re quite a ways away still in understanding how the integration of these genesnot just with themselves but with environmental factorsare playing a role i
43、n this longevity puzzle.“ Perls has studied many factors that contribute to longevity, and he is the first to acknowledge that living longer isn“t likely to be simply a matter of genes. His previous work has shown, for example, that among most elderly people who live into their 70s and 80s, about 70
44、% of their longevity can be ascribed to environmental factors such as not smoking; eating a healthy, low-fat, low-calorie diet; and remaining socially engaged and intellectually active throughout life. Still, it seems clear that those who live to an exceptionally ripe old age are benefiting from a s
45、pecial DNA boost. In fact, Perls believes that the older a person gets, the more likely it is that his or her genes are contributing to those extended years. His current genetic findings support that theory: the 19 most common genetic profiles that distinguished the exceptionally long-lived appear t
46、o be correlated with lower incidence of certain diseases. For example, some profiles were associated with lower rates of high blood pressure and diabetes, while another was linked to a reduced risk of brain disorder. Although most of us can“t expect to become centenarians, Perls is hoping that his w
47、ork will lead to better waysperhaps through pharmaceutical interventions based on the genetic clues to longevityto help more of us live like them.（分数：10.00）(1).By analysing the genes of centenarians, scientists found that_.（分数：2.00）A.environment and lifestyle contribute much to longevityB.centenaria
48、ns“ genes are the same as other peopleC.many genetic variants may identify centenariansD.19 genetic profiles of centenarians are different from others(2).Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 2?（分数：2.00）A.Chronic diseases are complex genetic puzzles to scientists.B.How exceptional lo
49、ngevity-related genes function is known.C.Most centenarians have exceptional longevity-related genes.D.The integration of genes and environmental factors is important.(3).Perls may most likely agree that _.（分数：2.00）A.most extremely long-lived benefit from not smokingB.environmental factors play an important role in longevityC.longevity is only associated with certai
