1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 480 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part B（分数：10.00）_Today there is widespread agreement that multinational corporations will have an important effect on international relations and world economy. But there i
2、s little agreement on exactly what that effect will be. There are two groups of those who see them as benevolent and those who see them as evil. Among those who see multinational corporations as benevolent, many emphasize their importance in helping reduce the gap between rich countries and poor one
3、s. These business giants are referred to as “engines of development“ because it is claimed that they do more to improve the economic life in less developed countries than all governmental foreign aid programs have ever done. By setting up factories abroad, they provide jobs; by equipping these facto
4、ries with the latest machines and equipment, they make available the most modem technology. 1In fact, they do better on their own. It may have been necessary in the mid-nineteen century for Admiral Perry to threaten the Japanese with naval bombardment if they did not allow western countries to trade
5、 with them. Such threats would make no sense today. 2 The leaders of multinational corporations see patriotism as old-fashioned, the nation-state obsolete, and war in pursuit of national glory downright foolish. They believe that the multinational corporation is “a modern concept evolved to meet the
6、 requirements of modern age“, while the nation-state is “still rooted in archaic concepts unsympathetic to the need of our complex world.“ 3 “I think, “ an official of General Electric once said, “getting General Electric everywhere in the world is the biggest thing we can do for world peace.“ These
7、 proponents of the multinational corporations come by and large from the business world. There are, however, many critics among academic students of multinational corporations who regard them as a sinister force. They have produced detailed studies to prove that the benefits of multinational corpora
8、tions are mostly illusory. To the claim that multinational corporations provide jobs, they point out that this is at the cost of jobs in other countries. To the claim that multinational corporations transfer technology, they reply: (1)often the equipment shipped overseas is out of date;(2)their tech
9、nology is often unsuitable for many of the less developed countries where labor is plentiful and therefore cheap. 4 Therefore, they maintain that instead of being the “engines of development“, the multinational corporations are actually “engines of impoverishment“. These critics do not deny that con
10、sumption of the products of these corporations has risen in countries around the world. 5Therefore, although these corporations may breakdown national frontiers they strengthen class distinctions, widening the gap between the rich and the poor, creating greater social injustice and instability. AThe
11、 long, expensive American war in Vietnam did not bring new opportunities in Southeast Asia for the multinational corporations. The decision of the Nixon administration to improve relations with China was more profitable to them. BThe fact that both American teenagers and Mexican peasants are drinkin
12、g Coca Cola does not mean that the life of the Mexican peasants is getting better due to the multinational corporations. CThey therefore characterize themselves as hard-headed people who are helping to bring about a more cooperative system or world order by breaking down national, geographical, poli
13、tical, economic and ideological barriers. DOne study actually showed that multinational corporations do not invest capital from wealthy countries, but prefer to finance their operations from the local economy. In other words, they are simply transferring wealth from poorer countries to richer ones.
14、EAccording to these critics, states will soon realize that they have lost their control over issues such as taxation, employment and even the stability of their own currency. FBut they point Out that this so-called “Global Shopping Center“ is available only to a very small portion of the local popul
15、ation. GBecause goods are now produced within the less developed countries, there is less need for them to import from abroad, and their balance of payments will improve. Multinational corporations today do not need their countries to provide military force to open foreign countries to their investm
16、ent, products and sales.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_AIndeed, such collaborations at the institutional level must begin with stronger interaction between the offices that have oversight of research and international affairs. University research and international offices can partner o
17、n incentives and procedural changes(e.g. international travel awards, promotion and tenure guidelines that encourage outreach, etc.)as well as lobby federal agencies to provide more funding for multi-institutional collaborative projects. These offices can also help strategically map and forecast eme
18、rging research fields; identify gaps in expertise, instrumentation, and resources; find foreign partners that can complement institutional priorities and strengths, including sharing of high-technology equipment; facilitate interdisciplinary connections; and promote targeted domestic and internation
19、al institutional, multi-disciplinary, and multilateral linkages. BFor example, new generation influenza vaccines arose from collaborations between US and Japanese pharmaceutical companies;information technology and cybersecurity tools were developed by the US Department of Defense with international
20、 allies; and clean energy and low carbon technologies from joint work by a consortium of US and Chinese universities, national laboratories, and private sector companies. CIn order for US research universities to remain competitive in todays knowledge-and-innova-tion-driven global economy, it is ess
21、ential to expand research and scholarly collaborations and forge partnerships internationally. In recent years, the value of international collaboration has been increasingly emphasized by federal agencies, including the National Science Foundation(NSF), which now encourages more cross-border cooper
22、ation in science, technology, and education. DThe decrease in US-based global collaborations should concern our science and technology policymakers and institutional leaders. Such worldly partnerships are essential for producing the best science and remaining competitive in the global scientific com
23、munity. Any one university cannot sustain broad expertise and infrastructure in all disciplinary areas. In addition to domestic collaborations, transnational partnerships can also provide opportunities for greater research synergies and complementarities. These collaborations also increase the bread
24、th of scientific inquiry and have accelerated the commercialization of research around the globe. ESome universities already offer such services, and the support has resulted in new international research travel awards, targeted workshops, intra-institutional and transnational interdisciplinary coll
25、aborations. Clearly, new university organizational and operational instritutions that promote international collaboration can help advance research productivity and impact, and are needed to complement national and international initiatives. FHowever, the 2012 NSF report highlighted some concerns. A
26、s indicated in the report, two direct measures of international collaboration are coauthorship of research publications with foreign researchers and co-patents with foreign inventors. Over the past decade, the number of papers published by US researchers with international collaborators has remained
27、 relatively flat, increasing only at 1-2 percent each year. Furthermore, the total number of patents filed jointly under the Patent Cooperation Treaty by US and foreign inventors in 2010 was 5, 440, a 6 percent decrease over the previous 3 years. GWithout a doubt, strong relationships between indivi
28、dual researchers are the most common and strongest indicator of productivity. Scientists identify colleagues with whom they would like to work, and these friendships translate into long-term collaborations, student exchanges, and scientific and creative outputs. For example, among WSUs top 20 resear
29、chers, 16 have extensive international collaborations, with 32 percent of their peer-reviewed publications being internationally coauthored. But universities can also play a bigger role in promoting international research partnerships. Order: （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_AThe culprit
30、 is climate change, caused by societys burning of fossil fuels. When it comes to global warming, farmers who are more attuned to weather patterns than most peoplemay be the proverbial canaries in the coalmine. The weather, of course, has never been exactly dependablefarmers have always been at the m
31、ercy of the vagaries of sun and rain. General weather patterns have at least been broadly predictable, allowing farmers to know when to sow their seeds, when to transplant, when to harvest. As weather patterns become less reliable, growers will be tested to develop new rhythms and systems for growin
32、g crops. BMost keyboard jockeys would die for the view from Orin Martins office window: apple trees in blossom, lines of citrus, dozens of varieties of flowers and neat rows of peppers and potatoes. Martin is a farmer in Santa Cruz, Calif., where for the last 30 years he has been an instructor at th
33、e University of California s agro-ecology program, one of the nation s oldest organic agriculture curriculums. CWhat all agriculture experts agree on is that farmers need to start preparing today for climate change. Growers ought to be thinking about what warmer temperatures, fluctuations in precipi
34、tation, and an increase in extreme weather events will mean for their farms, and how they can respond. “This is change: it s not necessarily disaster, “ says Grubinger. “The disaster will come if people arent prepared. “ DIn recent years, however, something has been wrong in his idyllic setting. The
35、 weather is changing in strange ways. From New England to the Midwest to California, farmers and scientists are noticing that once-dependable weather patterns are shifting. EAmong farmers and researchers, there is disagreement about which types of growers climate change will impact mostlarge agribus
36、iness growing operations, or smaller, family-run farms. Some agriculture industry observers say that the bigger farmers will have an advantage in coping with weather changes, as they will have more resources to switch to new crops. Others say that since family farms usually grow a wider range of cro
37、ps, their biological diversity will make it easier to cope with whatever changes occur. FToo much rain at the wrong time can make it difficult to plant or harvest crops. Above-average rainfall also contributes to fungi and insects that can dramatically reduce crop yields. Too much warmth is equally
38、problematic. Some plants require a certain number of frost days each year in order to thrive the following spring. As temperatures warm, farmers may find themselves having to either shift to different crops or actually move their operations to new locales. Unreliable weather will make it harder for
39、farmers to be as productive as we have come to expect. Order: （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_AModern marketing is therefore a coordinated system of many business activities. But basically it involves four things: selling the correct product at the proper place, selling it at a price de
40、termined by demand , satisfying a customer s need and wants, and producing a profit for the company. BBecause products are often marketed internationally, distribution has increased in importance. Goods must be at the place where the customer need them or bought there. This is known as place utility
41、: it adds value to a product. However, many markets are separated from the place of production, which means that often both raw materials and finished products must be transported to the points where they are needed. CThe terms market and marketing can have several meanings depending upon how they a
42、re used. The term stock market refers to the buying and selling of shares in corporations, as well as other activities related to stock trading and pricing. The important world stock markets are in London, Geneva, New York, Tokyo and Singapore. Another type of market is a grocery market, which is a
43、place where people purchase food. When economists use the word market, they mean a set of forces or conditions that determine the price of a product, such as the supply available for sale and the demand for it by consumers. The term marketing in business includes all these meanings, and more. DIn th
44、e past, the concept of marketing emphasized sales. The producer or manufacturer made a product he wanted to sell. Marketing was the task of figuring out how to sell the product. Basically, selling the product would be accomplished by sales promotion, which included advertising and personal selling.
45、In addition to sales promotion, marketing also involved the physical distribution of the product to the places where it was actually sold. Distribution consisted of transportation, storage, and related services, such as financing , standardization and grading, and the related risks. EMarketing now i
46、nvolves first deciding what the customer wants, and designing and producing a product that satisfies these wants at a profit to the company. Instead of concentrating solely on product, the company must consider the desires of the consumer. And this is much more difficult since it involves human beha
47、vior. Production, on the other hand, is mostly an engineering problem. Thus, demand and market forces are still an important aspect of modem marketing, but they are considered prior to the production process. FThe modern marketing concept encompasses all of the activities mentioned, but it is based
48、on a different set of principles. It subscribes to the notion that production can be economically justified only by consumption. In other words, goods should be produced only if they can be sold. Therefore, the producer should consider who is going to buy the product, or what the market for the product is before production begins. This is very different from making a product and then thinking about
