1、BEC 剑桥商务英语(高级)12 及答案解析(总分：19.96，做题时间：149 分钟)一、SECTION 1 (Question(总题数：1，分数：1.00)A Innovation is the key to continued prosperity. Although the United states is experiencing a lengthy economic boom, its capacity for innovation per capita is losing ground. Ranking first in 1995 in innovation among 17 c
2、ountries, the United States is projected to drop to fifth place by 2002 if present trends continue, according to the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD). To compete effectively in international markets, nations as well as organizations must make innovation a priority. B The go
3、al is for your organization to change the rules, structure, and speed of its industry so that your competitors are thrown into chaos. Because your organization initiated the change, it more than likely understands the new rules and structure introduced into the marketplace as it copes with changes i
4、n speed. Temporarily at least, your organization will be ahead of the competition. This technique has been used by the military since ancient times. The idea is to confuse the enemy. While the opponent is digging out of the confusion, the organization in the offensive position seizes the dominant po
5、sition. C One contemporary technique that changes the marketplace rules, structure, and speed is innovationall organizations trump card. When the microchip was invented, Intel was able to gain power over the competition because it capitalized on an innovation. Microsoft innovated the concept of a do
6、minant operating system in personal computers. By capitalizing on innovations, these companies were able to become leaders in their industries while their competitors were temporarily in chaos trying to find their way out. If an organization is offering the same products and services in the same way
7、 that it did three years ago, its on its way to obsolescence or may already be obsolete. Lets answer three questions about innovation. D What is innovation? Innovation is the tangible result of creativitythe process that produces one or more innovations. Creativity is difficult to measure, but innov
8、ation is a product or service that is easily defined and measured. Why is innovation necessary? It is needed for survival and sustainability. Competition is stiff in the global market place that organizations not nurturing innovation will soon find themselves unable to respond to changing customer d
9、emands. Conversely, those organizations that make innovation a priority can dominate their industries and experience positive growth. Organizations in the 21st century must foster innovation. E How can an organization achieve a high degree of innovation? Innovation does not happen by itself. It must
10、 be intentionally cultivated. Great leaders realize this and work to develop all organizations friendly to innovative endeavors. This effort involves allocating a budget adequate for innovative activities, establishing a physical environment that promotes creativity, eliminating creativity inhibitor
11、s, recruiting creative people, grasping the big picture, involving the whole person, promoting new thinking, training experientially, and nurturing autonomy. 0. Innovation plays a very important role in competing in international markets. (A) （分数：0.96）(1).By capitalizing on innovations, many compani
12、es were able to become leaders in their industries.（分数：0.12）A.B.C.D.(2).Innovation ability in the United States used to be the top in the world.（分数：0.12）A.B.C.D.(3).Innovation is different from creativity in that the former can be easily defined and measured.（分数：0.12）A.B.C.D.E.F.G.H.(4).The organiza
13、tion which initiated the innovation is more likely to cope with it freely.（分数：0.12）A.B.C.D.(5).Creativity inhibitors must be removed if necessary.（分数：0.12）A.B.C.D.E.(6).There is similarity between competition in international markets and the military situation in wars.（分数：0.12）A.B.C.D.(7).Innovation
14、 can not happen of its own volition.（分数：0.12）A.B.C.D.E.(8).Innovation is a kind of contemporary technique that can change the rules, structure, and speed in marketplace.（分数：0.12）A.B.C.D.二、SECTION 2 (Question(总题数：1，分数：1.00)Personnel Management Personnel management is regarded as a profession. Many ob
15、servers believe that the most important and pressing problems of future industrial societies will not be solely concerned with production or technical questions, but will be people-oriented and will involve a knowledge of social and behavioral sciences and of the personnel function.“ (0) . The role
16、of personnel management has, of course changed over time. Originally it was used by management to obtain and maintain an effective work force only and the emphasis was on production and economic rewards. (9). This is now only one part of the function. Later it was realized that if worker needs could
17、 be understood and met, for example, security, achievement, and job satisfaction, then the organization itself could better achieve its maximization of goals such as profits. Recently added to this has been the social (community) responsibility of the organization. (10). Personnel management is abou
18、t people. The management of people is an integral part of the organization and of the process of management itself. (11). Personnel management is not something that is only carried out by the personnel department; it is an organization-wide activity. All levels of management are engaged in managing
19、personnel. (12). They are involved in working in co-operation with the personnel department and its staff in such areas as recruitment, training, appraisal, counseling safety and health and job-design. Personnel management in its broadest sense involves all matters in an organization regarding peopl
20、e decisions. (13). The first is that of human relations, in which such matters as individual motivation, leadership, and group relationships and behavior are covered. The second is the field of organization theory, which considers job design, managerial spans of control, the flow of work through the
21、 organization, and so forth. The third consists of the specific kinds of decision areas for which the personnel manager or personnel department is directly responsible for acquisition, development, rewarding, and maintenance of human resources. The broad definition of personnel management illustrate
22、s that the scope of personnel management pervades the organization. Every person in an organization is involved with personnel decision. (14). Similarly, non-managerial employees will be exposed to performance appraisals, selection interviews when hired, and so on. A. It is through people that organ
23、izations accomplish their goals? thus the management of people is a vital aspect of an organizations functioning. B. Later there was a move towards a welfare oriented personnel function such as benefits and health. C. This broad view focuses attention on three distinct but interrelated topics. D. Th
24、us personnel management may now be involved in certain community activities, in equal opportunity employment in developing policies, for example, in employing racial minorities of physically handicapped people and in seeking to provide and maintain a climate in which individual and organization goal
25、s are achieved. E. Line managers of other departments e.g. marketing and production of various departments of sections in the public service and public agencies e.g. Telecom all have personnel / human resource management duties. F. Personnel managers didnt see a need to make sure that their employee
26、s were comfortable in the work environment and ensure all their needs were being met. G. For example, all managers in any organization will need to know how to train their employees, appraise their performance, and so forth. H. Personnel management is now often called human resources management (HRM
27、). EXAMPLE：The correct answer for blank (0) is H. （分数：1.02）A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.E.F.G.H.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.E.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.E.F.G.三、SECTION 3 (Question(总题数：1，分数：1.00)The tariff-jumping motive for FDI is well developed in the literature. The trade-of foreign firms typically face in these models is based on
28、the level of the tariff when exporting versus the boardcost associated with setting up a manufacturing plant abroad. Other studies compare the effects of tariffs with the effects of quota and voluntary export restraints (VERs) and have shown how the profit gain for foreign firms due to VERs lowers t
29、he propensity to engage in FDI. While the use of tariffs, quota and VERs has been reduced as a result of multilateral trade negotiations, the use of other trade policy instruments, notably antidumping, has increased. Recent empirical work has confirmed that the FDI response to antidumping actions is
30、 certainly not uncommon, in particular in case of antidumping actions targeting Japanese firms, in a recent study, analyses duty-jumping FDI by firms based in other countries than Japan. The antidumping jumping FDI is very limited in scale in case firms without international experience based in deve
31、loping countries are targeted. Given the demonstrated importance of FDI responses to antidumping actions, it is surprising that the theoretical literature on the effects of antidumping law have by and large ignored the issue of antidumping jumping. In a symmetric model of two countries considering r
32、eciprocal (anti-)dumping and reciprocal FDI, they find that producers in both countries would gain from the abolition of antidumping law from the WTO statute. This result is driven by the fact that reciprocal antidumping jumping FDI increases competition and reduces profits of domestic firms. All ty
33、pes of international price discrimination with the lower price charged in the EU can classify as dumping, at least for products for which there are close EU substitutes. We explicitly consider a clause in EU antidumping law that allows the EU administration to settle antidumping actions either by le
34、vying duties or by demanding price undertakings from the foreign exporting firms. Our model shows that this decision will depend on the objective function of the EU administration, which may vary between protecting the interests of EU industry only (maximizing producer surplus) and also taking into
35、account the interests of consumers and user industries (maximizing EU social welfare). The former corresponds to the direct objective of antidumping law. Pursuing the latter is in line with the public interests embedded in EU antidumping law by which the EU Commission is held to consider repercussio
36、ns on consumers and user industries. A second aspect of EU antidumping incorporated in the model is that the level of duties and price undertakings is typically determined by the degree to which foreign firms undercut EU producers prices on the EU market. This rule is applied to ensure that antidump
37、ing measures remove the injury to EU industry. The rule limits the discretionary power of the EU administration in determining duty and price undertaking levels. Contrary to the symmetric model of Haland and Wooton, we explicitly take on boardcost asymmetries, viz. a cost advantage of the foreign fi
38、rm. Such a cost advantage is a most likely reason for price undercutting by foreign exporters resulting in antidumping actions. We allow cost advantages to be either firm-specific, in which case they are internationally transferable through FDI, or location specific. We show that the occurrence of d
39、uty jumping FDI in the EU requires that the foreign firms cost advantage is at least partly firm specific. In the next section we present the model for the case of products which are sufficiently close substitutes (like products) and firm-specific cost advantages, assuming that the EU administration
40、 is able to commit to antidumping actions before the foreign firms investment decision, and allowing two alternative policy objectives (producer surplus and social welfare). For this purpose we used a three-stage model. In the first stage, the EU administration decides whether to take antidumping me
41、asures, and if so, whether to levy a duty or allow a price undertaking. In the second stage the foreign firm decides whether to serve the EU market through export or FDI. In the third stage, the foreign firm is engaged in price competition with a local firm on the EU market, which offers close subst
42、itute products. Injury arises from a production cost advantage of the foreign firm, which may either be location specific, for example, based on lower foreign wages or firm specific like based on a transferable technological advantage. （分数：1.02）(1).According to the first paragraph, what does the stu
43、dy about tariff-jumping motive show?（分数：0.17）A.The welfare and strategic effects of antidumping laws under alternative market structures.B.Industries incentives to petition for antidumping.C.These studies show under which conditions foreign firms prefer to set up local production units over exportin
44、g when serving distant markets.D.The potential effect of antidumping measures in strengthening collusive practices.(2).What does the evidence show in the second paragraph?（分数：0.17）A.The evidence suggests that EU firms show a comparable FDI response if they are targeted by US antidumping actions.B.Th
45、e evidence shows the possibility of a protection building equilibrium.C.A foreign firm that intends to engage in second period FDI increases its first period export in order to increase the level of protection faced by the rival foreign firm.D.The evidence implies that they are concerned with the ef
46、fects of economic integration involving the abolition of antidumping law.(3).After reading the first three paragraphs, what do you think the two studies deal with?（分数：0.17）A.The two studies examine antidumping jumping FDI in the context of EU antidumping practices.B.Two studies deal with the relatio
47、nship between antidumping and FDI.C.They analyze the conditions under which antidumping jumping FDI occurs.D.They explain the output and welfare effects of antidumping actions.(4).What does the writer imply in the fourth paragraph?（分数：0.17）A.An antidumping duty is akin to a tariff.B.A price undertak
48、ing is a commitment by the foreign firm to raise its price.C.The conditions under which undertakings are allowed are not well articulated in EU antidumping law.D.An EU antidumping case can only be initiated when imports are dumped on the European market and cause material injury.(5).From the fifth p
49、aragraph, in the case of cost advantages, what does FDI imply?（分数：0.17）A.It implies that it is often a feature of exporters based in developing countries.B.It implies that foreign firms relinquish their cost advantage and produce at the same marginal cost as those of EU producers.C.It implies the differences in FDI responses between firms from developed and developing countries.D.It implies that in EU antidumping practice, a substantial number of cases are settled through price-undertakings.(6).What is the main theme of this article?（分数：0.17）A.The article i
