1、大学六级-172 及答案解析(总分：693.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)_二、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：70.00)B Planning and People/BIn all kinds of organizations-companies, schools, hospitals, etc. -decisions appear correct in theory but do not work in practice. There are many reasons for this. To illustrat
2、e the problems involved we will consider four cases where different decisions have to be taken. BCase No. 1/BThe manager of a shipping company was interested in using large metal containers for the companys cargo instead of conventional methods of loading and unloading. He discovered that the use of
3、 containers was less expensive and quicker than conventional methods. More cargo could be sent at one time and delays on the way were shorter. The only major disadvantage (apart from the initial cost of the containers) was that not all ships could take them. However, the manager believed that his co
4、mpany could find enough ships for their containers. His plan to use containers was adopted by the board of directors. Unfortunately, however, it was never put into practice. The dockers heard about the plan and did not like it. The reason was that the containers would make about a quarter of the doc
5、kers redundant. The plan was killed.The comparison of containers with conventional methods is shown in the following table. Advantages DisadvantagesContainers1. less freight expenses2. quicker delivery3. more cargo can be sent at one time4. shorter delays on the way 1. not all ships can take them2.
6、heavy initial cost Conventionalmethods 1. all ships can use them2. no need to spend money on the containers 1. more freight expenses2. slower delivery3. less cargo can be sent at one time4. longer delays on the way BCase No. 2/BA solar pump was built in a small desert village. The pump used the dese
7、rts most common resource-sunlight, to increase its greatest necessity-water. Solar collectors were used to collect the suns rays. Flat collectors can be stationary and do not have moving parts which can be broken in sand storms. The system used the 20 degree centigrade temperature difference between
8、 the solar collectors and the ground water to work a gas expansion engine which pumped water from under the ground.Some of the social effects of the new pumps were planned for. Children aged 6 to15 used to bring the water from wells, where they met the old men of the village and received informal ed
9、ucation from them. In order to replace this, a school was also included in the project. But the project had not considered the traditional power structure of the village. As soon as the foreign experts left, the two richest men in the village took control of the pump and started selling water to eve
10、ryone else. The result was that the majority of people were poorer than before.BCase No. 3/BIn 1946 there was a program in the Rio Grande valley to substitute hybrid corn for the native corn. The native corn was of poor nutritional quality and gave a poor quantity of grain while the hybrid corn was
11、of excellent quality and gave about three times as large a crop as the native variety. In the first year half of the 84 farmers in the village planted hybrid corn and doubled the corn production. Three years later, however, only three farmers planted hybrid corn. The others were planting the traditi
12、onal variety. At the beginning of the project the program leader studied the ecology of the area and showed films demonstrating the superiority of the new corn. The farmers agreed that the hybrid corn had great advantages. The size of the crop confirmed these advantages. Why did they stop planting i
13、t? The answer was simple: their wives did not like it. They complained that it wasnt good for cooking and they didnt like the flavor.BCase No. 4/BThe manager of a large office building had received many complaints about the lift service in the building. He engaged a group of engineers to study the s
14、ituation and make recommendations for improvement. The engineers suggested two alternative solutions:1. adding more lifts of the same types;2. replacing the existing lifts by faster ones.The manager decided that both alternative solutions were too expensive. So the firms psychologist offered to stud
15、y the problem. He noticed that many people arrived at their offices feeling angry and impatient. The reason they gave was the length of time they had to wait for the lift. However, the psychologist was impressed by the fact that they had only had to wait a relatively short time. It occurred to him t
16、hat the reason for their annoyance was the fact they had to stand by the lifts inactive. He suggested a simple, inexpensive solution to the manager. This was adopted and complaints stopped immediately. The solution was to place a large mirror next to the lifts.Three of these cases show failure, and
17、one success. What conclusions can be made about the decision involved? First, in any decision, some considerations are more relevant than others. It is a mistake to attempt to, solve a problem in engineering terms when the problem is a psychological one. Similarly, it is wrong to concentrate on the
18、social effects of a new invention if it is mechanically inadequate. It is a mistake to attempt to improve one part of a system if the whole system has to be changed.Secondly, there is a more fundamental question. A solution may be technically very crude but will work because people are enthusiastic
19、about it. Some projects predict negative human reactions but are unable to persuade people that the project is right. Other projects fail because of indifference-people neither like it nor dislike it-they just do not think it is necessary. A project will be successful only if the people involved bel
20、ieve that it is necessary and valuable for their own lives.Some people believe that in these cases the plans are right but the people are wrong. History, however, has shown this belief to be dangerous.（分数：70.00）(1).There are shorter delays on the way if containers are used.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(2).The pl
21、an of the manager of a shipping company to use containers was rejected by the board of directors because the plan was strongly opposed by the dockers.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(3).Using the containers to transport can keep the goods clean.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(4).Sunlight is the deserts most common resource while
22、fresh air is the deserts greatest necessity.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(5).Children can receive _ from the old men when brought water from wells in the desert.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(6).Compared with the hybrid corn, the native corn is poor in _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(7).The disadvantage of the hybrid corn is that it was _
23、 and poor in flavor.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(8).The psychologist found that many people felt _ when they arrived at their office.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).If the problem is a psychological one, we cant attempt to _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).History was shown that the belief that _ is dangerous.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、BPart
24、Listenin(总题数：3，分数：105.00)BQuestions 11 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：56.00）A.The latest nurse is the best one.B.The latest nurse was ill for two times last month.C.The latest nurse is the worst one.D.In the past five months, the man has introduced the woman quite a few nur
25、ses.A.Light rain.B.Heavy rain.C.Lightning.D.Heavy snowA.Tian anmen Square.B.The Temple of Heaven.C.Leopard Hill.D.The Imperial Palace.A.3 pills.B.4 pills.C.9 pills.D.12 pills.A.They usually go jogging.B.They usually go to the parks to do their exercises.C.They usually do Taijiquan.D.They are still a
26、sleep.A.He was afraid he might be kept too late.B.He would have something more important to do.C.He was not in the mood to attend the excursion.D.He had to make an appointment with a friend.A.He will go to instead of his wife.B.He will go to when he finishes his report.C.He will ask his boss for a l
27、eave.D.It would be better for her wife to go to.A.Took many photos of her.B.Bought her an album.C.Held a birthday party.D.Bought her a picture.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.The mans test.B.The womans research paper.C.Go swimming over at the student
28、center.D.Plans for the evening.A.Because she wants to study for a test.B.Because she wants to go swimming at the student center.C.Because she has to do research in the library.D.Because she is not interested in the man.A.They will go to the Grill.B.They will go to the library.C.They will go swimming
29、.D.They will walk home.A.That he is not a student this semester.B.That he is not a serious student.C.That he is not very concerned about the woman.D.That he is willing to compromise.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.The man wants to get authorization fo
30、r a room change.B.The man is worried about his friendship with his roommate.C.The man needs a scholarship to continue living in the dormitory.D.The man wants the head resident to talk to David for him.A.That David is not a serious student.B.That David doesnt need to worry because he has a scholarshi
31、p.C.That David wont speak with him.D.That David wants to move back to his home town.A.His roommate is noisy.B.He isnt speaking to his roommate.C.He does not like his roommate.D.He doesnt know his roommate very well.四、BSection B/B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)BPassage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage
32、 you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.Its near the Mexico City.B.Its in Guatemala.C.Its stretched from the plains of central Mexico to the mountains of Guatemala.D.Its in America.A.It has become a clumsy giant.B.The city has suffered from long-time famine.C.There was epidemic disease that time.D.It has
33、 been set on fire.A.Teotihuacan, once the home of 200,000 people, was the center of a large empire.B.Many archaeologists are fascinated by the ruins of a pre-Columbia city called Teotihuacan.C.Teotihuacan, once a major metropolitan area, was destroyed by an invasion.D.A still unsolved mystery is why
34、 the people of Teotihuacan suddenly abandoned their city.BPassage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.For hunting.B.For protecting himself.C.For stimulation.D.For protecting the country.A.Males are arrested about four times more than females.B.According t
35、o the survey, 61% of all men feel unsafe in their own neighborhoods at night.C.More women arrested than men in juvenile runaway cases and prostitution.D.The police and court are required to be more kind to the female offenders.A.Rape.B.Burglary.C.Aggravated assault.D.Smuggling.BPassage ThreeQuestion
36、s 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：28.00）A.Paris.B.Copenhagen.C.New York.D.London.A.Once.B.Twice.C.Three times.D.Never.A.They won the tournament last year.B.They have been trained the hardest in the tournament.C.They have the most money to spend on their athletes.D.They ha
37、ve never lost a game before.A.The German team.B.The British team.C.The Brazilian Team.D.The American team.五、BSection C/B(总题数：1，分数：77.00)To all Americans, another basicU (36) /Uin their constitution is the Bill of rights, adopted in 1971. This consists of 10 very short paragraphs whichU (37) /Ufreedo
38、m and individual rights and forbidU (38) /Uwith lives of individuals by the government. Each paragraph is an Amendment to the original Constitution.The Bill of Rights guarantees Americans the right to a speedyU (39) /Uif accused of a crime. The trial must be by aU (40) /Uand then theU (41) /Uperson
39、must be allowed representation by a lawyer and must be able to call inU (42) /Uto speak for him or her. Cruel and unusual punishment isU (43) /U.In the bill of Rights,U (44) /U. They have the right to assemble in public places, to protest government actions and to demand change. They have the right
40、to own weapons if they wish. Because of the Bill of Rights, neither police nor soldiers can stop and search a person without good reason.U (45) /U.There were 16 other amendments to the Constitution as of 1991. The changes are not many considering that the constitution was written in 1787. Only a few
41、 need to be mentioned here. One forbids slavery and three others guarantee citizenship and full rights of citizenship to all people regardless of race.U (46) /U.（分数：77.00）(1).（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_六、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：90.00)When Ch
42、ristopher Columbus landed on Americas shore, he encountered copper-skinned people whom he promptly called “Indians“. Current estimates indicate that there were over a million Indians inhabiting North America then. There are approximately 800,000 Indians today, of whom about 250,000 live on reservati
43、ons.The early settlers had an amicable relationship with Indians, who shared their knowledge of hunting, fishing, and farming with their uninvited guests. The stereotyped stealthy, wicked Indian of modem western movies was created by indifferent, faithless white men; the Indian was born friendly.Dis
44、gust developed between the Indians and the settlers, whose encroachment on Indian lands provoked an era of turbulence. As early as 1745, Indian tribes joined together to drive the French off their land. The French and Indian war did not end until 1763. The Indians had succeeded in destroying many of
45、 the western settlements. The British superficially submissive to the Indians, promised that further migrations west would not extend beyond a specified boundary.Evicted from their land or, worse still, frankly ceding their property to the whites for a few baubles, Indians were ruthlessly pushed wes
46、t. The battle in 1876 at Little Big Horn River in Montana in which Sitting Bull and the Sioux bribes massacred General Custers cavalry, caused the whites to intensify their campaign against the red men. The battle at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1890 put an end to the last vestige of hope for amit
47、y between Indians and whites.Although the Bureau of Indian Affairs has operated since 1824, presumably for the purpose of guarding Indians interests, Indians on reservations lead notoriously deprived lives. In recent times irate Indians have taken a militant stand and have appealed to the courts and the American people to improve their substandard living conditions.（分数：90.00）(1).In the modem white westerners eyes, the Indians are _.（分数：18.00）填空项 1:_(2).The passage sugges
