1、大学四级-176 及答案解析(总分：710.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on Facing Setbacks in a Positive Way by referring to the saying “Life has to have cracks in it so that the sun can shine through.“ You can cite examples t
2、o illustrate your point and then explain how you can develop your ability to face failure properly. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. （分数：106.00）_二、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Section A(总题数：3，分数：49.00)Questions 1 and 2 will be based on the following news item. （分
3、数：14.00）A.Terrorists fought with Government troops.B.Thai troops killed terrorists.C.There were shootings.D.There were explosions.A.The Muslims wanted independence.B.Thai troops have been sent there.C.About 2,000 people have been killed.D.There have been more bombings since 2004.Questions 3 and 4 wi
4、ll be based on the following news item. （分数：14.00）A.Students in South East-Asia have great pressure in study.B.Genetic factors in visual impairment and blindness.C.Students in South East-Asia should spend more time outdoors.D.The reason why students in South East-Asia are short-sighted.A.Electricity
5、 shortage.B.Being short of food.C.The heavy burden of studies.D.Overtime exposure to sunlight.Questions 5 to 7 will be based on the following news item. （分数：21.00）A.Google“s driverless car project.B.Major car manufactures.C.Self-driving technology.D.A purpose-built machine.A.To make money.B.To get r
6、id of the controls.C.To develop new technology.D.To produce a purpose-built machine.A.2.B.3.C.4.D.5.四、Section B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、Conversation One(总题数：1，分数：28.00)Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard. （分数：28.00）A.Conducting a training session for security guards.B.Intervi
7、ewing a person for a job.C.Promoting a new alarm system.D.Asking a coworker some questions.A.Where the job is located.B.What training he will need.C.How soon he can start working.D.How much the job pays.A.He prefers to sleep until noon.B.He writes for the local paper in the morning.C.He has classes
8、earlier in the day.D.He wants a higher-paying evening job.A.To introduce more about his work experience.B.To talk about his future plan for the job.C.To fill in an application form and hand it back.D.To take a look at the workplace where he will stay.六、Conversation Two(总题数：1，分数：28.00)Questions 12 to
9、 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard. （分数：28.00）A.A popular television program.B.A breakthrough in technology.C.A recent purchase.D.A new electronics store.A.Because the old one didn“t work well.B.Because the new TV set was on sale.C.Because he had moved into a bigger house.D.Becaus
10、e he wanted to surprise the woman.A.She would prefer a more expensive model.B.She“s confused by the remote controls.C.She“s eager to use it.D.She thinks it unwise to buy it.A.Research what television is best for him.B.Ask for a cheaper price on the television.C.Try a different store.D.Be satisfied w
11、ith what he has.七、Section C(总题数：0，分数：0.00)八、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：43.20)Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard. （分数：43.20）A.She buys many clothes.B.She buys a lot of chocolate.C.She eats a lot of things.D.She sleeps a great deal.A.Problems with the teachers.B.Problems with fa
12、mily members or friends.C.Problems with classmates“ making fun of her.D.Problems with a part-time job.A.Substituting water with diet coke.B.Talking to someone over the phone.C.Playing a video game.D.Drinking extra tea.九、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：43.20)Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have
13、just heard. （分数：43.20）A.American Indians and corn.B.The planting techniques of corn.C.The joy of harvest.D.Various ways to prepare corn.A.It was first boiled and then dried.B.It was braided in bundles and steamed.C.It was dried and then ground into flour.D.It was roasted and wrapped in husks.A.They
14、braided them with animal hair for clothing.B.They bundled them together for fuel.C.They used them to insulate their homes.D.They made various items with them.十、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：57.60)Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard. （分数：57.60）A.The strength of its shipbuilding i
15、ndustry.B.The physical features of the river itself.C.The abundance of fruit, vegetables, and livestock.D.The similarity of its climate to that in Europe.A.There are no rapids or waterfalls.B.There is a constant, strong wind.C.Navigation is rather difficult.D.Frequent storms cause problems for river
16、boats.A.Big waves pose a threat to commercial navigation.B.The river current never flows faster than ten miles per hour.C.The river reverses its flow several times a day.D.High tides can create sudden and unexpected rapids.A.To allow several sails to be rigged.B.To catch winds coming from over the h
17、ills.C.To add to the beauty of the basic design.D.To allow the sails to be raised more quickly.十一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)十二、Section A(总题数：1，分数：35.00)Women with low literacy suffer disproportionately more than men, encountering more 1 in finding a well-paying job and being twice as likely t
18、o end up in the group of lowest wage earners, a study released on Wednesday said. Analysis by the Institute for Women“s Policy Research (IWPR) found women at all levels of 2 tend to earn less than men, but it“s at the lowest literacy levels that the wage gap between genders is most striking. Women w
19、ith low literacy are twice as 3 as men at the same skill level to be among the lowest earners, bringing in $300 a week or less, the report said. “Because women start off so low in terms of wages, having higher literacy and more skills really 4 a big difference,“ said Kevin Miller, a 5 research assoc
20、iate at 1WPR and co-author of the study. Women need to go 6 in their training and education level to earn the same as men, Miller said. The 7 was based on 2009 National Assessment of Adult Literacy surveys, the most recent data 8 , and focused on reading skills, not writing and numeric literacy. Tha
21、t data was 9 from a nationally representative sample of 19,714 people aged 16 and older, living in households or prisons. Data showed about one-third of American adults have low literacy levels, and more than 36 percent of men and 33 percent of women fall into that 10 , the institute said. A. patter
22、n B. senior C. longer D. difficulties E. category F. collected G. positions H. available I. conducted J. independent K. literacy L. analysis M. likely N. further O. makes（分数：35.00）十三、Section B(总题数：1，分数：70.00)How Your Language Affects Your Wealth and HealthA. Does the language we speak determine how
23、healthy and rich we will be? New research by Keith Chen of Yale Business School suggests so. The structure of languages affects our judgments and decisions about the future and this might have dramatic long-term consequences. B. There has been a lot of research into how we deal with the future. For
24、example, the famous marshmallow (棉花糖) studies of Walter Mischel and colleagues showed that being able to resist temptation is predictive of future success. Four-year-old kids were given a marshmallow and were told that if they do not eat that marshmallow and wait for the experimenter to come back, t
25、hey will get two marshmallows instead of one. Follow-up studies showed that the kids who were able to wait for the bigger future reward became more successful young adults. C. Resisting our impulses for immediate pleasure is often the only way to attain the outcomes that are important to us. We want
26、 to keep a slim figure but we also want that last slice of pizza. We want a comfortable retirement, but we also want to drive that dazzling car, go on that dream vacation, or get those gorgeous shoes. Some people are better at delaying gratification (满足) than others. Those people have a better chanc
27、e of accumulating wealth and keeping a healthy life style. They are less likely to be impulse buyers or smokers, or to engage in unsafe sex. D. Chen“s recent findings suggest that an unlikely factor, language, strongly affects our future-oriented behavior. Some languages strongly distinguish the pre
28、sent and the future. Other languages only weakly distinguish the present and the future. Chen“s recent research suggests that people who speak languages that weakly distinguish the present and the future are better prepared for the future. They accumulate more wealth and they are better able to main
29、tain their health. The way these people conceptualize the future is similar to the way they conceptualize the present. As a result, the future does not feel very distant and it is easier for them to act in accordance with their future interests. E. Different languages have different ways of talking
30、about the future. Some languages, such as English, Korean, and Russian, require their speakers to refer to the future explicitly (明确地). Every time English-speakers talk about the future, they have to use future markers such as “will“ or “going to.“ In other languages, such as Mandarin, Japanese, and
31、 German, future markers are not obligatory (强制性的). The future is often talked about similar to the way present is talked about and the meaning is understood from the context. A Mandarin speaker who is going to go to a seminar might say “Wo qu ting jiangzuo,“ which translates to “I go listen seminar.
32、“ Languages such as English constantly remind their speakers that future events are distant. For speakers of languages such as Mandarin future feels closer. As a consequence, resisting immediate impulses and investing for the future is easier for Mandarin speakers. F. Chen analyzed individual-level
33、data from 76 developed and developing countries. This data includes people“s economic decisions, such as whether they saved any money last year, the languages they speak at home, demographics (人口统计资料), and cultural factors such as “saving is an important cultural value for me.“ He also analyzed indi
34、vidual-level data on people“s retirement assets, smoking and exercising habits, and general health in older age. Lastly, he analyzed national-level data that includes national savings rates, country GDP and GDP growth rates, country demographics, and proportions of people speaking different language
35、s. G. People“s savings rates are affected by various factors such as their income, education level, age, religious connection, their countries“ legal systems, and their cultural values. After those factors were accounted for, the effect of language on people“s savings rates turned out to be big. Spe
36、aking a language that has obligatory future markers, such as English, makes people 30 percent less likely to save money for the future. This effect is as large as the effect of unemployment. Being unemployed decreases the likelihood of saving by about 30 percent as well. H. Similar analyses showed t
37、hat speaking a language that does not have obligatory future markers, such as Mandarin, makes people accumulate more retirement assets, smoke less, exercise more, and generally be healthier in older age. Countries“ national savings rates are also affected by language. Having a larger proportion of p
38、eople speaking languages that does not have obligatory future markers makes national savings rates higher. I. At a more practical level, researchers have been looking for ways to help people act in accordance with their long-term interests. Recent findings suggest that making the future feel closer
39、to the present might improve future-oriented behavior. For instance, researchers recently presented people with renderings of their future selves made using age-progression algorithms (算法) that forecast how physical appearances would change over time. One group of participants saw a digital represen
40、tation of their current selves in a virtual mirror, and the other group saw an age-morphed version of their future selves. Those participants who saw the age-morphed version of their future selves allocated more money toward a hypothetical savings account. The intervention brought people“s future to
41、 the present and as a result they saved more for the future. J. Chen“s research shows that language structures our future-related thoughts. Language has been used before to alter time perception with surprising effects. Ellen Langer and colleagues famously improved older people“s physical health by
42、simple interventions including asking them to talk about the events of twenty years ago as if it they were happening now. Talking about the past as if it were the present changed people“s mindsets and their mindsets affected their physical states. Chen“s research points at the possibility that the w
43、ay we talk about the future can shape our mindsets. Language can move the future back and forth in our mental space and this might have dramatic influences on our judgments and decisions.（分数：70.00）(1).Usually, preventing ourselves from enjoying immediate pleasure impulsively is the only way to achie
44、ve the outcomes that are important to us.（分数：7.00）(2).The structure of languages influences us when we are making a judgment or decision about the future.（分数：7.00）(3).Speaking a language that has obligatory future markers and being unemployed nearly share the same percentage of decreasing the likeli
45、hood of saving.（分数：7.00）(4).According to the well-known marshmallow studies, people who can resist temptation tend to be successful in the future.（分数：7.00）(5).People who speak languages like English are more likely to feel that the future events are distant.（分数：7.00）(6).National savings rates of cou
46、ntries are influenced by language as well.（分数：7.00）(7).In Chen“s recent research, people who speak languages in which the present and the future are weakly distinguished are more prepared for the future.（分数：7.00）(8).Recent findings show that it is possible to improve future-oriented behavior through
47、 making the future feel closer to the present.（分数：7.00）(9).Through simple interventions, Ellen Langer and colleagues made the physical health of the older people changed for the better.（分数：7.00）(10).Chen made an analysis of individual-level statistics from 76 developed and developing nations.（分数：7.0
48、0）十四、Section C(总题数：0，分数：0.00)十五、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：72.00)An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services: for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbors. The area of dependen
49、cy has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger. It is this economic interdependency of the economic system which makes the power of trade unions (工会) such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries“ economic blood supply. This can happen more easily in Britain than in so
