1、大学英语四级 113及答案解析(总分：746.57，做题时间：130 分钟)一、Writing (30 minutes)(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write an application letter. You should write at least 120 words according to the guidelines given below in Chinese. 假设你是一名即将毕业的计算机专业的大学生，看到北京日报上登载的一家电脑公司招 聘程序设计员的职位，你想应聘这个职
2、位，请以王强的名义写一封求职信。 （分数：30.00）_二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Labor Force The labor force is the part of a nations population that works for pay or that is looking for a paying job. In 1800, the United States had about 2 million people in its labor force. Most of them worked on farms, most of wh
3、om were men. In 1993, about 130 million Americans were in the labor force. 96 million workers were found in large cities, 46 percent of whom were women. New Kinds of Jobs In the twentieth century, the U. S. labor force has undergone many changes. One of the most significant of these changes is in th
4、e decline in the number of blue collar jobs and the rise in the number of white-collar jobs. A blue-collar job involves manual or outdoor labor. Blue-collar workers include factory assemblers and welders; carpenters, plumbers(水暖工), mechanics, and painters; construction workers, and truck drivers. Al
5、though the number of blue-collar workers increased in the twentieth century, the future will see a declining need for such workers. Some of their jobs will be taken over by advanced automated and computerized machinery that can do certain blue-collar jobs more quickly and efficiently than people can
6、. In contrast, a white-collar job involves work that is not chiefly manual. For example, white collar workers include accountants, engineers, teachers, lawyers, and sales personnel. In 1900, white collar workers made up about 20 percent of the labor force; today, 67 percent of all American wage earn
7、ers hold white collar jobs. Advances in computer technology have created many new white-collar jobs, such as those in programming and information processing. These changes will continue to dramatically change the nature of existing jobs. The Rise of Women in the Labor Force Until 1940, the opportuni
8、ties for women to hold jobs were limited. Prejudice and discrimination(歧视)against women forced many of them to find employment as teachers, nurses, and secretaries. In 1940, women held only 25 percent of the jobs. World War -1941 through 1945-brought about many changes in the labor force. Men were d
9、rafted to serve in the armed forces of the United States. At the same time, the country needed labor to keep factories running at full production to support the war effort. As a result, women were suddenly needed and hired even though they had been previously excluded from such jobs. Women not only
10、repaired airplanes and land vehicles, but they also drove trucks, operated radios and ma chinery, and did clerical work. During the war years, the percentage of women in the labor force rose from 25 percent to 35 percent. Married women, many of whose husbands were in the armed forces, made up the gr
11、eatest number of new women workers. In 1940, fewer than half of working women were single, but by 1945 a majority of women workers were married. By the end of the war, one out of every three workers in industry and business was a woman. The Postwar Years After the war, the men who returned from the
12、armed forces went back to the same jobs they had held prior to the war. As a result, many women lost their wartime jobs. However, not all the women who had held jobs for the first time returned to their former roles as homemakers. Women had proved they could do these jobs well. As a result, the trad
13、itional barriers against the employment of women in such industries as steel and shipbuilding started to disappear. As the postwar prosperity continued, new positions became available for the returning men and for the many women workers now in the labor force. Many women found that they enjoyed not
14、only employment outside their homes but also the benefits of paying jobs. Many women were beginning to see work as a permanent part of their lives. By earning their own income, they became less dependent and more self-sufficient. Their independence gave them new choices and made them aware of a wide
15、r range of roles available to them. The economic prosperity that followed the war also enabled many young couples to purchase houses. Many began raising families. Some women chose to stay at home to raise their children, while their husbands went to work. As a result, the percentage of women workers
16、 declined after the war, but it never went as low as it was in 1940. The 1960s to the 1990s The 1960s saw the beginning of many social changes in the United States, some of which were brought about by the womens liberation movement. Many women became keenly aware that they were often paid less than
17、men for doing the same kind of work and that they were not promoted as easily or quickly as men. They also found that discrimination in jobs and in education still existed. As a result of womens protests, equal opportunity laws were passed that made discrimination against women in jobs and education
18、 illegal. This legislation opened up to women many business and professional positions that had previously been closed to them. The 1970s were troubled by ongoing inflation. For many couples, the high standard of living combined with the high cost of living, made it necessary for both the husband an
19、d wife to hold paying jobs. The two-income family became a way of life that continues today. Many divorced, separated, or widowed women also entered the labor force in the 1970s. The 1980s brought more changes. Many businesses were not able to survive the recession of that period. Many manufacturing
20、 industries, such as the auto, steel, textile, and clothing industries, suffered at the hands of increased competition from foreign countries. As a result, many plants and factories closed; the number of available jobs sharply declined. Because of the recession more mothers of young children entered
21、 the labor force. In general, families in the 1970s,80s, and90s have had fewer children than families of earlier generations. There has therefore been less need for women to stay at home for many years to care for young children, and more married women have been free to join the job market. Coupled
22、with the trend toward two-income families, the labor force participation of married women with young children has risen dramatically since the 1970s. About 19 percent of mothers with children below age 6 were employed in 1970. In 1993, About 60 percent were employed. A Changing Labor Force Shifts fr
23、om blue-collar to white-collar jobs and the increase in the number of working women continue to affect the labor force. These trends are altering the relationship between workers and their work, and people require new skills and training in all fields of employment. Nevertheless, todays (1990s) work
24、ers-whether blue-collar or white-collar, male or female-earn higher wages, work shorter hours, and receive more extra benefits than workers prior to the 1940s. （分数：71.00）(1).In 1993, women held 46 percent of the paying jobs in the United States. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).The application of advanced aut
25、omated and computerized machinery will result in loss of some blue-collar jobs. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).During World War , some jobs which previously excluded women were open to them. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).After the war, returned male workers were responsible for the total loss of womens jobs. （分数：7
26、.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).Few women realized they suffered inequality in jobs and education in the 1960s. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(6).As the children grew up, most of the mothers entered the labor force again in the 1970s. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(7).The passage mainly illustrates trends in the US labor force during
27、1940s and 1990s. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(8).In the 1970s, the high standard and cost of living contributed m the emergence of _. （分数：7.10）_(9).In 1980s, many manufacturing industries were increasingly confronted with _. （分数：7.10）_(10).Compared with the workers before 1940s, workers in the 1990s earn mor
28、e, work shorter hours, and are given _. （分数：7.10）_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.Robert deserves her thanks for his help.B.Robert didnt help much with the project.C.She finished her project before Robert finished his.D.She and Robert hadnt finished planning their project yet.A.How long hell
29、 be in Montreal.B.How he plans to travel to Montreal.C.What form of transportation hell use there.D.What other cities hes planning to visit.A.Librarian and student.B.Boss and secretary.C.Operator and caller.D.Customer and repairman.A.He finds the presentation hard to follow.B.He considers the presen
30、tation very dull.C.He thinks Professor White has chosen an interesting topic.D.He speaks highly of the presentation.A.That he first have it repaired and then change it with someone.B.That he leave it in the garage to be repaired.C.That he sell his car for a new one.D.That he keep his old car and get
31、 a new one.A.In the city.B.Near the train station.C.In the countryside.D.Near her workplace.A.A day course.B.An evening course.C.The choice of courses.D.Their part-time job.A.He wrote a book about great restaurants.B.He always makes reservations for dinner.C.He read a book while he was eating dinner
32、.D.He always finds good places to eat.四、Section B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.What job the son is to take after graduation.B.Whether the son should leave home forever.C.Where and how the son lives in London.D.What the sons friend is like.A.No place to live in.B.No friend to share a flat.C.No job to live on.D.N
33、o parent to depend on.A.She has no objection.B.She is a little worried.C.She is very supportive.D.She is very pleased.A.Very cautious.B.Quite enthusiastic.C.Very sensitive.D.A little indifferent.A.All students pay the same amount per year.B.Students choose how many meals a week they will pay for.C.S
34、tudents get money back for meals they dont eat.D.Some students get free meals.A.They can invite guests to meals at a reduced price.B.They receive cards that allow them to be served first.C.They can help decide what will be on the menu.D.They pay less per meal than those who eat there only part of th
35、e time.A.By paying for meals one at a time.B.By borrowing a students meal card.C.By ordering their meals in advance.D.By buying a weekend meal card.A.People would not buy more food than was necessary.B.Food was delivered to people two or three times a week.C.People had effective ways to preserve the
36、ir food.D.Food was sold fresh and did not get rotten easily.A.Investors.B.Manufacturers.C.Consumers.D.Traveling salesmen.A.Critical.B.Neutral.C.Objective.D.Compromising.A.Because it was too heavy.B.Because it did not bend easily.C.Because it did not shoot far.D.Because its string was short.A.It went
37、 out of use 300 years ago.B.It was invented after the shortbow.C.It was discovered before fire and the wheelD.Its still in use today.A.They are accurate and easy to pull.B.Their shooting range is 40 yards.C.They are usually used indoors.D.They took 100 years to develop.A.She was found stealing in a
38、bookstore.B.She caught someone in the act of stealing.C.She admitted having stolen something.D.She said she was wrongly accused of stealing.A.A book.B.$ 3,000.C.A handbag.D.A Christmas card.A.She was questioned by the police.B.She was shut in a small room for 20 minutes.C.She was insulted by the sho
39、pper around her.D.She was body-searched by the store manager.A.They refused to apologize for having followed her through the town.B.They regretted having wrongly accused her of stealing.C.They still suspected that she was a thief.D.They agreed to pay her $ 3,000 damages.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Th
40、e World Health Organization (WHO) says as many as 10 (36) 1persons worldwide may have the virus (病毒) that (37) 2 AIDS. Experts believe about 350-thousand persons have the (38) 3. And one more may get it in the next five years. In the US, about 50,000 persons have died with AIDS. The countrys top (39
41、) 4 official says more than 90 percent of all Americans who had the AIDS virus five years ago are dead. There is no (40) 5 for AIDS and no vaccine (疫苗) medicine to prevent it. However, researchers know much more about AIDS than they did just a few years ago. We now know that AIDS is caused by a viru
42、s. The virus s healthy cells, including white blood cells that are part of our (41) 6 system against . It takes control of the healthy cells genetic material and forces the cell to make a copy of the virus. The cell then dies. And the viral particles move on to (42) 7 and kill more healthy cells. Th
43、e AIDS virus is (43) 8 in a persons body fluids. (44) 9. It also can be passed in blood products or from a pregnant (怀孕) woman with AIDS to her developing baby. Many stories about the spread of AIDS are false. (45) 10. You cant get it by touching drinking glasses or other objects used by such person
44、s. (46) 11. （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：2，分数：355.00)In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the childs acquisition (学会) of each new skill the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the be
45、ginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encou
46、raged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Parents vary greatly on their deg
47、ree of strictness towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night or punctuality for meals. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the childs own happiness. As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality (道德). Also, parents should realize that “example is better than precept”, If they are
