1、大学英语四级阅读-18 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section A(总题数：2，分数：20.00)The flood of women into the job market boosted economic growth and changed U.S. society in many ways. Many in-home jobs that used to be done (1) by womenranging from family shopping to preparing meal
2、s to doing (2) workstill need to be done by someone. Husbands and children now do some of these jobs, a (3) that has changed the target market for many products. Or a working woman may face a crushing “poverty of time“ and look for help elsewhere, creating opportunities for producers of frozen meals
3、, child care centers, dry cleaners, financial services, and the like.Although there is still a big wage (4) between men and women, the income working women (5) gives them new independence and buying power. For example, women now (6) about half of all cars. Not long ago, many car dealers (7) women sh
4、oppers by ignoring them or suggesting that they come back with their husbands. Now car companies have realized that women are (8) customers. Its interesting that some leading Japanese car dealers were the first to (9) pay attention to women customers. In Japan, fewer women have jobs or buy carsthe J
5、apanese society is still very much male-oriented. Perhaps it was the (10) contrast with Japanese society that prompted American firms to pay more attention to women buyers.A. scale B. retailed C. generate D. extremeE. technically F. affordable G. situation H. reallyI. potential J. gap K. voluntary L
6、. excessiveM. insulted N. purchase O. primarily（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_How did the early people do their counting? At first, they did all their counting with small stones. Later, they learned to use their fingers in counting. Since man has ten
7、fingers, the number ten became the (1) of all counting in many parts of the world.In 1946 the first electronic computers went into (2) . Since its invention the computer has changed greatly, and it has more and more uses. It can (3) people from difficult measurement and computation.There are (4) com
8、putations in science and engineering. Scientists are unable to make them, but the computer can do them quickly and (5) . For instance, a spaceship cannot leave the earth and go to the moon without computers. What must the spaceship be like? When can it leave? Will it be on the right (6) ? The comput
9、er must answer all these questions.In recent years more and more people have used computers not only in production and technology, but also in everyday life, for the simple reason that they are far more (7) than man. They have much better memories and can (8) large amounts of information. No man (9)
10、 can do 500,000 sums in one second, but a computer can. In fact, computers can do many of the things we do, but faster and better. They can (10) machines in factories, work out tomorrows weather, and even do translation work.In the future we are going to use computers for almost everything almost ev
11、ery day.A. control B. alive C. operation D. reproduceE. correctly F. efficient G. free H. omitI. complex J. foundation K. discipline L. storeM. living N. naturally O. course（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、Section B(总题数：2，分数：40.00)Artificial Intellige
12、nce (AI)A. We often dont notice it, but artificial intelligence (AI) is all around us. It is present in computer games, in the cruise control in our cars and the servers that route our email. In June 2002, a robot called Gaak gave an alarming demonstration of its independence. It made a dash for fre
13、edom from an exhibit at the Magna science centre in Rotherham. Gaak crept along a barrier until it found a gap and squeezed through. Having left the building, it reached Magnas exit by the M1 motorway before it was discovered.B. So, can a machine behave like a person? This question underlies artific
14、ial intelligence, the study of intelligent behavior in machines. In the 1980s, AI research focused on creating machines that could solve problems and reason like humans. One of the most difficult problems in artificial intelligence is that of consciousness. A consciousness gives us feelings and make
15、s us aware of our own existence. But scientists have found it difficult getting robots to carry out even the simplest of cognitive tasks. Creating a self-aware robot with real feelings is a significant challenge faced by scientists hoping to imitate human intelligence in a machine. Since the early 1
16、990s, researchers have concentrated on developing smaller, independent robots instead of trying to recreate human intelligence. The model for many of these machines is insect intelligence, which isin its own wayvery sophisticated.C. When it is completed in late 2004, the worlds most powerful compute
17、r will be ASCI Purple, built by IBM. It is expected to carry out 100 trillion operations per second (or 100 teraflops). A supercomputer with double this processing power is expected within the next two years. It is being built to replace ASCI Whiteformerly the worlds most powerful computerwhich occu
18、pies a space the size of two basketball courts at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California. A spokesman for IBM said that ASCI Purple was approaching the processing power of the human brain. But some scientists believe our brains can carry out around 10,000 trillion operat
19、ions per second. HAL, the supercomputer that rebels against its human handlers in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), is a bold reference to IBM. The letters H, A and L, precede I, B and M in the alphabet.D. In 1950, mathematician Alan Turing devised a test to identify whether a machine displayed
20、 intelligence. In the Turing Test, two people (A and B) sit in a closed room, while an interrogator (询问者) (C) sits outside. Person A tries to fool the interrogator about their gender, while person B tries to assist the interrogator in their identification. Turing suggested a machine take the place o
21、f person A. If the machine consistently fooled the human interrogator, it was likely to be intelligent.E. The possible dangers posed by intelligent machines have inspired countless science fiction films. In The Terminator (1984), a computer network attacks the human race in order to achieve control.
22、 This network then manufactures intelligent robots called “Terminators“ which it programs to destroy human survivors. In The Matrix (1999) and The Matrix Reloaded (2003), a machine enslaves humanity, using people as batteries to power its mainframe. Steven Spielbergs AI: Artificial Intelligence (200
23、2) paints a more sympathetic view of artificial life, depicting sensitive robots that are abused by brutal, selfish human masters.F. One place where artificial intelligence has found a natural home is in the development of computer games. AI in computer games is becoming increasingly sophisticated a
24、s consumer appetites for better, faster, more challenging games grows. In games, Al is often present in the opponents you play against, or in allies or other team members.G. In 1997, then world chess champion Garry Kasparov played against IBMs Deep Blue supercomputerand lost. After six games, the mi
25、ghty Kasparov lost 2.5 to 3.5 to the silicon upstart. In February 2003, Kasparov saved some credibility for humanity by drawing against the Israeli-built supercomputer Deep Junior. Kasparov went on to draw 2-2 against US company X3D Technologies supercomputer X3D Fritz in November 2003, proving that
26、 the human brain can keep up with the latest developments in computing (at least in chess).H. Despite these entertaining applications, the original point of Al research was to create machines that could understand us. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), scientists have designed a rob
27、ot called Kismet that can have realistic conversations with people. Kismet is capable of seven different facial expressions and can vary the tone of its voice. It also adjusts its gaze and the direction of its head towards the person it is speaking to. Scientists at HP have designed an electronic DJ
28、. The “hpDJ“ selects beats and baselines from its memory bank and mixes them. Its makers say it could be made to react to the mood of clubbers. At the University of Texas, Dallas, researchers have designed a lifelike human face capable of 28 facial movements, including smiling, sneering, furrowing i
29、ts brow and arching its eyebrows. It could be used to put a human face to the artificial brains of the future.I. A computer program developed at Brandeis University in Massachusetts has learnt how to design and build bridges, cranes and tables all by itself. It reinvented support structures such as
30、the cantilever and the triangle without prior knowledge of them. Credit card companies use a computer program called The Falcon to detect card fraud. The Falcon works by constantly updating a profile of how customers use their credit cards. It then looks for uncharacteristic patterns of credit card
31、use in the data. A robotic head built by a Scottish robotics company can determine a womans attractiveness. It works by examining faces to determine how “feminine“ or “masculine“ they are. It doesnt work in reverse because mens appeal is supposedly not based as much on looks. Perhaps jokingly, resea
32、rchers say it could be put to use as an artificial receptionist. Robots designed for the consumer market and employing very basic forms of AI have become increasingly popular in recent years. Sonys Aibo robot dog behaves like a puppy when it is first activated. But it “learns“ new behavior as it spe
33、nds more time with its human owner. A software program called FACES could stop mid-air collisions between planes. When tested in a flight simulator (模拟器), the software prevented a pile-up between 35 planes sharing airspace.J. Over the coming century, breakthroughs in nanotechnology, the science of u
34、ltra-small machines constructed at the molecular level, may help us build more sophisticated machines that are more compact. We may also see breakthroughs from scientists who are experimenting with connecting biological cells to silicon circuitsa phenomenon called wetware.（分数：20.00）(1).Kismet is a s
35、pecial robot that can demonstrate some kind of social skills.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(2).Increasingly sophisticated AI is demanded for the development of more challenging computer games.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(3).It is the consciousness that the most difficult part of artificial intelligence lies in.（分数：2.00）填空项 1
36、:_(4).Credit card fraud can be detected with the help of a computer program called The Falcon.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(5).Many scientific movies took artificial intelligent as their subject, posing its potential dangers.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(6).The phenomenon of wetware refers to connecting biological cells to s
37、ilicon circuits.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(7).Even if we dont know it, the technology of artificial intelligence can be found everywhere, ranging from computer games to the servers that route our email.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(8).In the early 1990s, the research of artificial intelligence had been replaced by the dev
38、elopment of smaller, independent robots.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(9).Some scientists believed that the processing power of ASCI Purple is still far behind from that of human beings.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(10).The Turing Test was intended to show whether a machine was intelligent.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_Seven Ways to Create
39、 a Happy HouseholdA. Every family is different, with different personalities, customs, and ways of thinking, talking, and connecting to one another. There is no one “right“ kind of family. But whether parents are strict or tolerant, irritable or calm, home has to be a place of love, encouragement, a
40、nd acceptance of their feelings and individuality for kids to feel emotionally safe and secure. It also has to be a source of donts and limits. Most of us want such an atmosphere to prevail in our homes, but with todays stresses this often seems harder and harder to achieve. From time to time it hel
41、ps to take stock and think about the changes we could make to improve our homes emotional climate. Here are a few that will.1. Watch What You SayB. How we talk to our children every day is part of the emotional atmosphere we weave. Besides giving them opportunities to be open about how they feel, we
42、 have to watch what we say and how we say it. We often forget how much kids take parental criticisms to heart and how much these affect their feelings about themselves. Psychologist Martin Seligman found that when parents consistently blame kids in exaggerated ways, children feel overly guilty and a
43、shamed and withdraw emotionally. Look at the difference between “Roger, this room is always a pigsty! You are such a lazy boy!“ and “Roger, your room is a mess today! Before you go out to play, it has to be picked up.“ One way tells Roger he can never do anything right. The other tells him exactly w
44、hat to do to fix things so he can be back in his moms good graces and doesnt suggest he has a permanent character flaw. For criticism to be constructive for children, we have to cite causes that are specific and temporary. Another constructive way to criticize children is to remind them of the impac
45、t their actions have on us. This promotes understanding rather than resentment.2. Provide Order and StabilityC. A predictable daily framework, clear and consistent rules, and an organized house make kidsand parentsmore relaxed and comfortable, and that means everyone has emotional balance. When conf
46、licts, tensions, or crises occur, the routine is a reassuring and familiar support, a reliable harbor of our lives that wont change. Think about your mornings. Do your kids go off to school feeling calm and confident? Or are they upset and ill-tempered? What about evenings and bedtime? Do you have a
47、ngry fights over homework or how much TV children can watch? A calm bedtime routine is one good medicine for the dark fears that surface when kids are alone in bed with the lights turned out. Yet a routine thats too inflexible doesnt make room for kids individual personalities, preferences, and char
48、acters.3. Hold Family MeetingsD. Time together is such a precious time in most households that many families, like the Martins, hold regular family meetings so everyone can air and resolve the weeks worries as well as share the good things that happened. When the Martins gather on Friday night, they also take the opportunity to anticipate whats sched
