1、托福-练习二十六及答案解析(总分：35.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Passage 1(总题数：3，分数：10.00)HISTORY OF LANGUAGE1 In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. Spoken language originated when early humans began to string grunts and squeals together to form a sound-meanin
2、g system. Language provided humans with the tools to create ideas and then to communicate these ideas to other people.2 As human knowledge and civilization expanded, a system that stored information became necessary. The first writing systems used pictures to represent objects. These early systems w
3、ere successful in recording concrete details concerning trade and taxes, but they could not convey abstract ideas and emotions. Between 800 and 500 B.C., the ancient Greeks began to use a phonetic alphabet that used symbols to represent sounds, with each sound making up part of a word. Thus, written
4、 language became a means of mass communication.3 The expansion of humanity from an oral society to one that also used the written word for communication was a defining point in human civilization. Early oral cultures required a tribal mentality with histories defined by family or clan perspectives,
5、but writing allowed a broader, global perspective to emerge.（分数：3.00）(1).Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Humans evolved as the most p
6、owerful species after they developed language.B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.D. Humans and animals developed completely different systems of communication.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Whi
7、ch sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Civilization changed a great deal when humans rejected oral communication in favor of more complex syste
8、ms of communication.B. Human societies were not able to define themselves until they developed written language.C. The power of language is humanitys most basic characteristic because language provides new tools of communication.D. An important development in human history occurred when writing was
9、added to speaking as a form of communication.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Look at the four squares, , , , and , which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Before written language evolved, there was no way of permanently recording language.As
10、human knowledge and civilization expanded, a system that stored information became necessary. The first writing systems used pictures to represent objects. These early systems were successful in recording concrete details concerning trade and taxes, but they could not convey abstract ideas and emoti
11、ons. Between 800 and 500 B.C., the ancient Greeks began to use a phonetic alphabet that used symbols to represent sounds, with each sound making up part of a word. Thus, written language became a means of mass communication. （分数：1.00）填空项 1:_PAIN1 Virtually all animals experience pain. Pain is a dist
12、ress call from the body signaling some damaging stimulus or internal disorder. It is one of the most important sensations because it is translated into a negative reaction, such as withdrawal from danger. Rare individuals who are born without the ability to feel pain may die from such conditions as
13、a ruptured appendix because they are unaware of the danger.2 Pain receptors are unspecialized nerve fiber endings that respond to a variety of stimuli signaling real or possible damage to tissues. Some groups of pain receptors respond to specific classes of chemicals released from damaged or inflame
14、d tissue. When pain fibers respond to peptides released by injured cells, this is called slow pain. Fast pain responses-for example, a pinprick or hot or cold stimuli-are a more direct response of the nerve endings to mechanical or thermal stimuli.3 There is no pain center in the cerebral cortex. Ho
15、wever, discrete areas have been located in the brain stem where pain messages from various parts of the body terminate. These areas contain two kinds of small peptides, endorphins and enkephalins, which have activity similar to morphine or opium. When these peptides are released, they bind with spec
16、ific opiate receptors in the midbrain, decreasing the perception of pain.（分数：3.00）(1).Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Escaping from
17、danger is a negative reaction, but it is the most important thing an individual learns.B. The ability to sense pain is extremely important because pain signals the body to respond to a threat.C. Experiencing pain is one type of reaction to a negative stimulus; another type is avoiding danger.D. We e
18、xperience a lot of sensations, and the most important ones are translated into appropriate actions.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Look at the four squares, , , , and , which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?They respond to stimuli such as c
19、hanges in temperature and pressure, and movement of the tissue.Pain receptors are unspecialized nerve fiber endings that respond to a variety of stimuli signaling real or possible damage to tissues. Some groups of pain receptors respond to specific classes of chemicals released from damaged or infla
20、med tissue. When pain fibers respond to peptides released by injured cells, this is called slow pain. Fast pain responses-for example, a pinprick or hot or cold stimuli-are a more direct response of the nerve endings to mechanical or thermal stimuli. （分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Look at the four squares, , ,
21、 , and , which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Thus, they are considered the bodys own natural painkillers.There is no pain center in the brains cerebral cortex. However, discrete areas have been located in the brain stem where p
22、ain messages from various parts of the body terminate. These areas contain two kinds of small peptides, endorphins and enkephalins, which have activity similar to morphine or opium. When these peptides are released, they bind with specific opiate receptors in the midbrain, decreasing the perception
23、of pain. （分数：1.00）填空项 1:_PRESTIGE1 Prestige refers to a persons social standing-the level of respect that other people are willing to show. A person with high prestige is honored or esteemed by other people, while a person with low prestige is disrespected or marginalized. Prestige is a valued resou
24、rce for people at all levels of a society, and this can be seen among inner-city youth, where to disrespect or “diss“ someone has negative consequences. Exactly what qualities are respected will vary from one society to another.2 In the United States, the top-status occupations are the professions-p
25、hysicians, lawyers, professors, and clergy-requiring many years of education and training. At the other end of the hierarchy, the lowest prestige is associated with occupations requiring littie formal education-for example, bus drivers, sanitation workers, and janitors. Prestige is linked to income,
26、 but there are exceptions, such as college professors, who have high prestige but relatively low salaries compared to physicians and lawyers. Conversely, some low-prestige workers receive high union wages and benefits. Criminals are often well rewarded with income and respect in their communities, w
27、hile politicians-many of whom are wealthy-are frequently less respected than occupations such as secretary and bank teller.（分数：4.00）(1).Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or
28、 leave out essential information.A. The most valuable resource in any society is prestige, but young people who disrespect others reject this.B. People at all social levels value prestige, and to disrespect another is punished, for example, among urban youth.C. The disrespectful behavior of some you
29、ng people shows that prestige is not valued equally throughout a society.D. There are serious consequences when teenagers from the inner city do not show respect for other groups.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Look at the four squares, , , , and , which indicate where the following sentence could be added to
30、the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Some societies honor wisdom and old age; others value warriors or youth.Prestige refers to a persons social standing-the level of respect that other people are willing to show. A person with high prestige is honored or esteemed by other people, while a
31、person with low prestige is disrespected or marginalized. Prestige is a valued resource for people at all levels of a society, and this can be seen among inner-city youth, where to disrespect or “diss“ someone has negative consequences. Exactly what qualities are respected will vary from one society
32、 to another. （分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. If an occupation has high prestige, then it usually has a high incom
33、e; college professors, physicians, and lawyers are good examples.B. Occupational status depends on income, although there is a wide range of income levels in occupations such as college professor.C. The fact that college professors have high prestige but relatively low incomes is an exception to the
34、 rule that prestige and income are related.D. It is unfair for college professors to have low salaries compared to other high-prestige professions that have high salaries.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Look at the four squares, , , , and , which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the pass
35、age. Where would the sentence best fit?In postindustrial societies, prestige is linked to occupational status, although income is also important.In the United States, the top-status occupations are the professions-physicians,lawyers, professors, and clergy-requiring many years of education and train
36、ing. At the other end of the hierarchy, the lowest prestige is associated with occupations requiring little formal education-for example, bus drivers, sanitation workers, and janitors. Prestige is linked to income, but there are exceptions, such as college professors, who have high prestige but rela
37、tively low salaries compared to physicians and lawyers. Conversely, some low-prestige workers receive high union wages and benefits. Criminals are often well rewarded with income and respect in their communities, while politicians-many of whom are wealthy-are frequently less respected than occupatio
38、ns such as secretary and bank teller. （分数：1.00）填空项 1:_二、Passage 2(总题数：3，分数：25.00)THE LONGHOUSE1 The people of the longhouse lived in fortified villages in elevated areas that were easy to defend and were located near a water supply. Twenty-foot palisades surrounded a group of longhouses and acted as
39、 a defensive wall that also kept forest animals from foraging within the village. The longhouse was the typical housing unit within the stockade. A number of families were housed within each longhouse, which varied in size from 20 by 16 feet to huge multiple family structures of 60 by 18 feet. In th
40、e more populous villages, longhouses could be more than 300 feet long. The longhouse was more than just a shelter; it was the basic unit upon which the entire society was constructed.2 In building the longhouse, a row of forked poles was placed in the ground, between four and five feet apart. Cross
41、poles were lashed to the forked uprights to form an arched roof. Slender poles or rafters were then secured to the roof frame, and traverse poles were added to further strengthen the overhead structure. Large pieces of bark were then tied to the frame. An outer set of poles kept the bark in place on
42、 the sides and roof. Smoke holes were built into the roof at about twenty-foot intervals. Two families shared the stone-lined hearth beneath each smoke hole.3 At each end of the longhouse was a door with a covering of animal hide or hinged bark that could be lifted up for entering and exiting. Along
43、 each inside wall were bunks that served as beds at night and benches in the day. Corn, dried fish, and other foods hung from overhead. The dwelling was compartmentalized to accommodate each family. At the front of the longhouse, over the door, carved images of clan symbols represented the families
44、living there.（分数：7.00）(1).The word palisades in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA. roadsB. fencesC. bridgesD. ponds（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The author discusses the dimensions of longhouses in paragraph 1 in order toA. describe the villages strong defensesB. illustrate the importance of certain fami
45、liesC. explain why rivalry occurred among familiesD. show that villages varied in population（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1?A. The largest longhouses could provide shelter to everyone who was a member of th
46、e society.B. The longhouse was basically a shelter that also served important functions related to the defense of the village.C. Everyone in the society had a role in building the longhouse because a variety of construction skills were needed.D. The longhouse not only provided housing for families b
47、ut also formed the foundation of the whole society.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The frame of a longhouse was constructed ofA. tree barkB.animal hideC. wooden polesD. flat stones（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The word secured in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning toA. attachedB. forcedC. sentD. frozen（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(
48、6).According to the passage, all of the following statements are true EXCEPT:A. Each longhouse was a separate village.B. People cooked and stored food in a longhouse.C. The longhouse was like an apartment building.D. The people of the longhouse belonged to clans.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(7).Look at the four
49、 squares, , , , and , which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Elm, ash, cedar, fir, or spruce trees were the usual sources of bark.In building the longhouse, a row of forked poles was placed in the ground, between four and five feet apart. Cross poles were lashed to the forked uprights to form an arched roof. Slender poles or rafters were then secured to the roof frame, and traverse poles were added to further strengthe
