1、雅思（阅读）模拟试卷 101 及答案解析(总分：80.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Module(总题数：11，分数：80.00)1.Reading Module (60 minutes)_You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. The Extraordinary Watkin TenchAt the end of 18th century, life for the average British citizen was
2、changing. The population grew as health and industrialisation took hold of the country. However, land and resources were limited. Families could not guarantee jobs for all of their children. People who were poor or destitute had little option. To make things worse, the rate of people who turned to c
3、rime to make a living increased. In Britain, the prisons were no longer large enough to hold the convicted people of this growing criminal class. Many towns and governments were at a loss as to what to do. However, another phenomenon that was happening in the 18th century was exploration of other co
4、ntinents. There were many ships looking for crew members who would risk a month-long voyage across a vast ocean. This job was risky and dangerous, so few would willingly choose it. However, with so many citizens without jobs or with criminal convictions, they had little choice. One such member of th
5、is new lower class of British citizens was named Watkin Tench. Between 1788 and 1868, approximately 161,700 convicts were transported to the Australian colonies of New South Wales, Van Diemens land and Western Australia. Tench was one of these unlucky convicts to sign onto a dangerous journey. When
6、his ship set out in 1788, he signed a three years service to the First Fleet.Apart from his years in Australia, people knew little about his life back in Britain. It was said he was born on 6 October 1758 at Chester in the county of Cheshire in England. He came from a decent background. Tench was a
7、son of Fisher Tench, a dancing master who ran a boarding school in the town and Margaritta Tarleton of the Liverpool Tarletons. He grew up around a finer class of British citizens, and his family helped instruct the children of the wealthy in formal dance lessons. Though we dont know for sure how Te
8、nch was educated in this small British town, we do know that he is well educated. His diaries from his travels to Australia are written in excellent English, a skill that not everyone was lucky to possess in the 18th century. Aside from this, we know little of Tenchs beginnings. We dont know how he
9、ended up convicted of a crime. But after he started his voyage, his life changed dramatically.During the voyage, which was harsh and took many months, Tench described landscape of different places. While sailing to Australia, Tench saw landscapes that were unfamiliar and new to him. Arriving in Aust
10、ralia, the entire crew was uncertain of what was to come in their new life. When they arrived in Australia, they established a British colony. Governor Philip was vested with complete authority over the inhabitants of the colony. Though still a young man, Philip was enlightened for his age. From sto
11、ries of other British colonies, Philip learnt that conflict with the original peoples of the land was often a source of strife and difficulties. To avoid this, Philips personal intent was to establish harmonious relations with local Aboriginal people. But Philips job was even more difficult consider
12、ing his crew. Other colonies were established with middle-class merchants and craftsmen. His crew were convicts, who had few other skills outside of their criminal histories. Along with making peace with the Aboriginal people, Philip also had to try to reform as well as discipline the convicts of th
13、e colony.From the beginning, Tench stood out as different from the other convicts. During his initial time in Australia, he quickly rose in his rank, and was given extra power and responsibility over the convicted crew members. However, he was also still very different from the upper-class rulers wh
14、o came to rule over the crew. He showed humanity towards the convicted workers. He didnt want to treat them as common criminals, but as trained military men. Under Tenchs authority, he released the convicts chains which were used to control them during the voyage. Tench also showed mercy towards the
15、 Aboriginal people. Governor Philip often pursued violent solutions to conflicts with the Aboriginal peoples. Tench disagreed strongly with this method. At one point, he was unable to follow the order given by the Governor Philip to punish the ten Aboriginals.When they first arrived, Tench was fearf
16、ul and contemptuous towards the Aboriginals, because the two cultures did not understand each other. However, gradually he got to know them individually and became close friends with them. Tench knew that the Aboriginal people would not cause them conflict if they looked for a peaceful solution. Tho
17、ugh there continued to be conflict and violence, Tenchs efforts helped establish a more peaceful negotiation between the two groups when they settled territory and land-use issues.Meanwhile, many changes were made to the new colony. The Hawkesbury River was named by Governor Philip in June 1789. Man
18、y native bird species to the river were hunted by travelling colonists. The colonists were having a great impact on the land and natural resources. Though the colonists had made a lot of progress in the untamed lands of Australia, there were still limits. The convicts were notoriously ill-informed a
19、bout Australian geography, as was evident in the attempt by twenty absconders to walk from Sydney to China in 1791, believing: “China might be easily reached, being not more than a hundred miles distant, and separated only by a river.“ In reality, miles of ocean separated the two.Much of Australia w
20、as unexplored by the convicts. Even Tench had little understanding of what existed beyond the established lines of their colony. Slowly, but surely, the colonists expanded into the surrounding area. A few days after arrival at Botany Bay, their original location, the fleet moved to the more suitable
21、 Port Jackson where a settlement was established at Sydney Cove on 26 January 1788. This second location was strange and unfamiliar, and the fleet was on alert for any kind of suspicious behaviors. Though Tench had made friends in Botany Bay with Aboriginal peoples, he could not be sure this new lan
22、d would be uninhabited. He recalled the first time he stepped into this unfamiliar ground with a boy who helped Tench navigate. In these new lands, he met an old Aboriginal.Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-6 on you answer shee
23、t, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts with the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this.（分数：12.00）(1).There was a great deal of information available about the life of Tench before he arrived in Australia.（分数：2.00）A.TRUEB.FALSEC.NO
24、T GIVEN(2).Tench drew pictures to illustrate different places during the voyage.（分数：2.00）A.TRUEB.FALSEC.NOT GIVEN(3).Military personnel in New South Wales treated convicts kindly.（分数：2.00）A.TRUEB.FALSEC.NOT GIVEN(4).Tenchs view towards the Aboriginals remained unchanged during his time in Australia.
25、（分数：2.00）A.TRUEB.FALSEC.NOT GIVEN(5).An Aboriginal gave him gifts of food at the first time they met.（分数：2.00）A.TRUEB.FALSEC.NOT GIVEN(6).The convicts had a good knowledge of Australian geography.（分数：2.00）A.TRUEB.FALSEC.NOT GIVENAnswer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBE
26、R from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.（分数：14.00）(1).What could be a concrete proof of Tenchs good education?（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(2).How many years did Tench sign the contract to the First Fleet?（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(3).What was used to control convicts durin
27、g the voyage?（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(4).Who gave the order to punish the Aboriginals?（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(5).When did the name of Hawkesbury River come into being?（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(6).Where did the escaped convicts plan to go?（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(7).Where did Tench first meet an old Aboriginal?（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_Readi
28、ng Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi Unsuccessful deceitii Biological basis between liars and artistsiii How to lie in an artistic way
29、iv Confabulations and the exemplifiersv The distinction between artists and common liarsvi The fine line between liars and artistsvii The definition of confabulationviii Creativity when people lie Are Artists Liars?A Shortly before his death, Marlon Brando was working on a series of instructional vi
30、deos about acting, to be called “Lying for a Living“. On the surviving footage, Brando can be seen dispensing gnomic advice on his craft to a group of enthusiastic, if somewhat bemused, Hollywood stars, including Leonardo Di Caprio and Sean Penn. Brando also recruited random people from the Los Ange
31、les street and persuaded them to improvise (the footage is said to include a memorable scene featuring two dwarves and a giant Samoan). “If you can lie, you can act,“ Brando told Jod Kaftan, a writer for Rolling Stone and one of the few people to have viewed the footage. “Are you good at lying?“ ask
32、ed Kaftan. “Jesus,“ said Brando, “Im fabulous at it“B Brando was not the first person to note that the line between an artist and a liar is a fine one. If art is a kind of lying, then lying is a form of art, albeit of a lower orderas Oscar Wilde and Mark Twain have observed. Indeed, lying and artist
33、ic storytelling spring from a common neurological rootone that is exposed in the cases of psychiatric patients who suffer from a particular kind of impairment. Both liars and artists refuse to accept the tyranny of reality. Both carefully craft stories that are worthy of beliefa skill requiring inte
34、llectual sophistication, emotional sensitivity and physical self-control (liars are writers and performers of then-own work). Such parallels are hardly coincidental, as I discovered while researching my book on lying.C A case study published in 1985 by Antonio Damasio, a neurologist, tells the story
35、 of a middle-aged woman with brain damage caused by a series of strokes. She retained cognitive abilities, including coherent speech, but what she actually said was rather unpredictable. Checking her knowledge of contemporary events, Damasio asked her about the Falklands War. In the language of psyc
36、hiatry, this woman was “confabulating“. Chronic confabulation is a rare type of memory problem that affects a small proportion of braindamaged people. In the literature it is defined as “the production of fabricated, distorted or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world, without the consci
37、ous intention to deceive“. Whereas amnesiacs make errors of omissionthere are gaps in their recollections they find impossible to fillconfabulators make errors of commission: they make things up. Rather than forgetting, they are inventing. Confabulating patients are nearly always oblivious to their
38、own condition, and will earnestly give absurdly implausible explanations of why theyre in hospital, or talking to a doctor. One patient, asked about his surgical scar, explained that during the Second World War he surprised a teenage girl who shot him three times m the head, killing him, only for su
39、rgery to bring him back to life. The same patient, when asked about his family, described how at various times they had died in his arms, or had been killed before his eyes. Others tell yet more fantastical tales, about trips to the moon, fighting alongside Alexander in India or seeing Jesus on the
40、Cross. Confabulators arent out to deceive. They engage in what Morris Moscovitch, a neuropsychologist, calls “honest lying“. Uncertain, and obscurely distressed by their uncertainty, they are seized by a “compulsion to narrate“ : a deep-seated need to shape, order and explain what they do not unders
41、tand. Chronic confabulators are often highly inventive at the verbal level, jamming together words in nonsensical but suggestive ways: one patient, when asked what happened to Queen Marie Antoinette of France, answered that she had been “suicided“ by her family. In a sense, these patients are like n
42、ovelists, as described by Henry James: people on whom “nothing is wasted“. Unlike writers, however, they have little or no control over their own material.D The wider significance of this condition is what it tells us about ourselves. Evidently there is a gushing river of verbal creativity in the no
43、rmal human mind, from which both artistic invention and lying are drawn. We are bom storytellers, spinning narrative out of our experience and imagination, straining against the leash that keeps us tethered to reality. This is a wonderful thing; it is what gives us our ability to conceive of alterna
44、tive futures and different worlds. And it helps us to understand our own lives through the entertaining stories of others. But it can lead us into trouble, particularly when we try to persuade others that our inventions are real. Most of the time, as our stories bubble up to consciousness, we exerci
45、se our cerebral censors, controlling which stories we tell, and to whom. Yet people lie for all sorts of reasons, including the fact that confabulating can be dangerously fun.E During a now-famous libel case in 1996, Jonathan Aitken, a former cabinet minister, recounted a tale to illustrate the horr
46、ors he endured after a national newspaper tainted his name. The case, which stretched on for more than two years, involved a scries of claims made by the Guardian about Aitkens relationships with Saudi arms dealers, including meetings he allegedly held with them on a trip to Paris while he was a gov
47、ernment minister. What amazed many in hindsight was the sheer superfluity of the lies Aitken told during his testimony. Aitkens case collapsed in June 1997, when the defence finally found indisputable evidence about his Paris trip. Until then, Aitkens charm, fluency and flair for theatrical displays
48、 of sincerity looked as if they might bring him victory. They revealed that not only was Aitkens daughter not with him that day (when he was indeed doorstepped), but also that the minister had simply got into his car and drove off, with no vehicle in pursuit.F Of course, unlike Aitken, actors, playw
49、rights and novelists arc not literally attempting to deceive us, because the rules are laid out in advance: come to the theatre, or open this book, and well lie to you. Perhaps this is why we felt it necessary to invent art in the first place: as a safe space into which our lies can be corralled, and channeled into something socially useful. Given the universal co
