1、专业八级-42 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BSeven Types of Evidence/B It is important to learn to use evidence in argumentative writing, because without evidence, you cant persuade anybody of anything. Usually seven types of evidence are used. B. Expert Testimony/B Expert tes
2、timony is useful because it comes from somebody with special knowledge and has been tested by others. There are three kinds of expert testimony: facts, informed opinions, and U1 /U. 1. _. The first two can be safely used in your writing, but the third may be dangerous, because they are just what is
3、possibly tree. B./B U2 /U 2. _. This refers to data that can reveal some information. Strong evidence of this type should be valid, accurate, and U3 /U. 3. _. B. Examples/B Examples are widely used in our daily life. Examples can serve three purposes. First, clarify meaning. Second, provide reason f
4、or justification. Third, U4 /U. 4. _. B. Personal Experience/B Writer can use his own experience to support an argument, But if the experience is U5 /U, 5. _. the argument will not be very forceful. Analogy Analogy is a comparison of apparently dissimilar things. Analogy can make unfamiliar topicsU
5、6 /U, but k is not enough to prove anything. 6. _. B. Known Facts/B Known facts are facts that are known toU 7 /U. 7. _. They can be used as a type of evidence. B. Logic and Reasoning/B Logic and reasoning may be used in two situations. One, U8 /U is not available. 8. _. Two, the writer wants to str
6、engthen the persuasiveness of his factual evidence. B. Three Criteria for Good Evidence;/B 1. relevant 2.U 9 /U 9. _. 3.U 10 /U 10. _.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_二、BSECTION B/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)I Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end
7、of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview./I（分数：5.00）(1).According to the interview, a nerd camp is a summer camp for children with _.（分数：1.00）A.athletic talentsB.extremely smart mindsC.musical giftsD.strong scientific i
8、nterest(2).What do children do in a nerd camp?（分数：1.00）A.They spend most time playing.B.They spend most time studying.C.They try to learn how to get along with other kids.D.They go on tours of various universities.(3).The speakers view towards skipping grade is that _.（分数：1.00）A.smart kids should be
9、 allowed to skip grades for further developmentB.children should stay within the same group, however smart they may beC.parents complaints are important in deciding grade skippingD.children can skip piano class, but not reading or algebra class(4).As far as social behavior is concerned, smart childr
10、en usually _ children of similar age.（分数：1.00）A.act more politely thanB.act more rudely thanC.act just in a same way asD.hate to stay with(5).The speaker believes that _.（分数：1.00）A.intelligence can decide future successB.nerd campers will become extremely successfulC.intelligence can be very importa
11、nt for successD.intelligence makes it difficult to define success三、BSECTION C/B(总题数：2，分数：5.00)I Questions 6 to 8 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news./I（分数：3.00）(1).What made the British government
12、think about strengthening security measures?（分数：1.00）A.Some incidents had demonstrated its security problem.B.The Royal family found it necessary to do so.C.The House of Parliament proposed to do so.D.The European Union suggested it doing so.(2).The European Union study found that problems in Britai
13、ns security job might have come from _.（分数：1.00）A.paying too little attention to this issueB.following the US too closelyC.too much confidence about its own abilityD.lack of experience of terrorist attack(3).The head of homeland security indicated that _.（分数：1.00）A.the worry about terrorist attack w
14、as totally unnecessaryB.the government had been well prepared for possible security problemC.the government had been too optimistic about its anti-terrorism effortsD.the legislators usually could do nothing except making empty talksI Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of
15、the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news./I（分数：2.00）(1).The research mentioned in this news has found that _.（分数：1.00）A.nostrils determine nose sizeB.the size of nostrils can change in ones lifeC.big nostrils help people tell different smellsD.size
16、of nostrils may be a cause of smell problems(2).The research is conducted in order to _.（分数：1.00）A.explore how nose worksB.find ways to treat deformed nosesC.study the relation between nostrils and smelling powerD.find ways to deal with smelling problems四、BPART READING (总题数：5，分数：20.00)BTEXT A/BAn as
17、sumption is something taken for granted. Everyone makes assumptions-you have to in order to say anything. As a critical reader, you need to determine what the assumption is and then decide whether you agree or disagree with the assumption. Once you decide, your attitude toward the argument will chan
18、ge. Careful, honest writers know what their assumptions are and lay the most important ones out for all to judge. Hidden assumptions may be all right for humor or fairly harmless in topical journalism, but they can be dangerous in serious written argument. Important assumptions should be explicit an
19、d detailed, for then the reader can judge their validity. If you do not agree with a writers assumptions, then you will never agree with his/her arguments,As indicated above, an assumption is a belief that we take for granted as a basis for an assertion, All kinds of statements rely on assumptions-q
20、uestions, commands, promises, and assertions. The simple command “Pass the salt“ is based on several assumptions, including that the salt can be passed, that you can pass it, and that I have the right to ask you to pass it. Some assumptions are unexpressed. We would be the joke of the neighbourhood
21、if we went around articulating our assumptions every time we asked someone to pass the salt. We get into trouble, however, when we fail to recognize important assumptions that subtly guide our thoughts. Sophocles said, “Reason is Gods crowning gift to man.“ A statement like this seems innocent enoug
22、h. When we think about it, we easily recognize that he was basing the statement on two major assumptions: (1) that man has a mind, and (2) that God exists. Hidden in the statement, however, are some subtle assumptions that we may or may not support, including; (1) God is a personal force capable of
23、making a gift; (2) reason is a more important gift than heart, soul, or body; and (3) womans mind is not a gift of God. Once we articulate these assumptions, we might disagree. (339)（分数：4.00）(1).According to this passage, an assumption is _.（分数：1.00）A.something that everyone knowsB.the idea the writ
24、er wants to emphasizeC.the readers knowledge about the topicD.foundation of the writers reasoning(2).Assumptions are important for critical readers because they can help readers to _.（分数：1.00）A.grasp the topic exactlyB.understand the argument passage exactlyC.evaluate the argument passageD.compare t
25、he argument passage with similar argument passages(3).The authors attitude toward Sophocless statement is _.（分数：1.00）A.positiveB.negativeC.neutralD.not mentioned(4).What can we infer from the passage?（分数：1.00）A.A good writer should clearly state all his assumptions.B.Once we find assumptions, we wil
26、l find the writers problems.C.We need not clearly express our assumptions in oral communication.D.Major assumptions are important for both the writer and the reader.BTEXT B/BComputer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing th
27、ey are told to do. The reason for this lies, of course, in the narrow fixation of the com puting machines “intelligence“ on the details of its own perceptions its inability to be guided by any large context. In a psychological description of the computer intelligence, three related adjectives come t
28、o mind: single- minded, literal-minded, and simple-minded. Recognizing this, we should at the same time recognize that this single-mindedness, literal-mindedness, and simple-mindedness also characterizes theoretical mathematics, though to a lesser extent.Since science tries to deal with reality, eve
29、n the most precise sciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understood approximations toward which scientists must maintain an appropriate skepticism. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a litera
30、lly correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field theoretical equations.
31、Physicists, looking at the original Schrodinger equation, learn to sense in it the presence of many invisible terms in addition to the differential terms visible, and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation. This very healthy skepticism
32、 is foreign to the mathematical approach. Mathematics must deal with well-defined situations. Thus, mathematicians depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics for the crucial specification of the approximation that mathematics is to take literally. Give mathematicians a situation that is
33、 the least bit ill-defined, and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately, but perhaps inappropriately. In some cases, the mathematicians literal-mindedness may have unfortunate consequences. The mathematicians turn the scientists theoretical assumptions, that is, their convenient points
34、 of analytical emphasis, into axioms, and then take these axioms literally. This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally. The question, central to the scientific investigation but intensely disturbing in the mathematical context what happens if the
35、 axioms are relaxed?-is thereby ignored.The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stab
36、le under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. (419)（分数：6.00）(1).The author discusses computing machines in the first paragraph primarily in order to _.（分数：1.00）A.indicate the dangers inherent in relying to a great extent on machinesB.illustrate his views about the approach of mathemati
37、cians to problem solvingC.compare the work of mathematicians with that of computer programmersD.provide one definition of intelligence(2).According to the passage, scientists are skeptical toward their equations because scientists _.（分数：1.00）A.work to explain real, rather than theoretical or simplif
38、ied situationsB.know that well-defined problems are often the most difficult to solveC.are unable to express their data in terms of multiple variablesD.are unwilling to relax the axioms they have developed(3).According to the passage, mathematicians present a danger to scientists because _.（分数：1.00）
39、A.mathematicians may provide theories that are incompatible with those already developed by scientistsB.mathematicians may define situation in a way that is incomprehensible to scientistsC.mathematicians may convince scientists that theoretical assumptions are factsD.scientists may come to believe t
40、hat axiomatic statements are untrue(4).According to the author, how is the approach of physicists to solving scientific problems?（分数：1.00）A.Practical for scientific purposes.B.Detrimental to scientific progress.C.Unimportant in most situations.D.Expedient, but of little long-term value.(5).The autho
41、r suggests that a mathematician asked to solve a problem in an ill-defined situation would first at-tempt to _.（分数：1.00）A.identify an analogous situationB.simplify and define the situationC.vary the underlying assumptions of a description of the situationD.determine what use would be made of the sol
42、ution provided(6).The author implies that scientists develop a healthy skepticism because they are aware that _.（分数：1.00）A.mathematicians are better able to solve problems than scientistsB.changes in axiomatic propositions will inevitably undermine scientific argumentsC.well-defined situations are n
43、ecessary for the design of reliable experimentsD.some factors in most situations must remain unknownBTEXT C/BJust a few weeks ago, economists and market analysts were expecting the Federal Reserve to cut short-term interest rates one final time when policy-makers gather for their first meeting of th
44、e year Tuesday and Wednesday. Now the vast majority of analysts believe the central banks aggressive year long rate-cutting cam paign is over, and the focus already is turning to when the Fed will begin raising rates again.Based on weekly unemployment data, the rate of job reductions is slowing, and
45、 almost every economic indicator reported over the past several weeks has been encouraging. Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan had reason to be optimistic on Jan. 24, when he testified before a Senate panel and seemed far more Uupbeat/U about the economy than be had been just two weeks earlier in a speech
46、that sparked a Wall Street sell-off.Analysts now believe it is almost a sure hat the Fed will leave rates unchanged when the central bank announces the policy decision Wednesday at about 2; 15 p.m. After an unprecedented 11 rate cuts in 2001, that would mark the first time in more than a year that t
47、he Feds policy-setting Open Market Committee has held a formal meeting without changing rates.On Monday, in the latest report to surpass expectations, the Commerce Department reported that new- home sales rose to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 946,000 units in December, a 5.7 percent increase
48、over November. Last year was a record year for sales of both new and previously owned homes, as low mortgage rates offset the impact of the recession. Last week the Index of Leading Indicators posted its biggest one-month increase in more than five years, as eight of the 10 indicators that make up the index turned positive. (288)（分数：3.00）(1
