1、专业八级-303 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：100.00)Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism c
2、redibility project. Sadly to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level 1 findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combining with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what 2 in world those readers really want. 3 But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most
3、 journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) which they plug each day“s events. In other words, there is a 4 conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news. There is a so
4、cial and cultural disconnection between journalists and their readers, which help explain why the “standard templates“ 5 of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recently survey, 6 questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolita
5、n area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at randomly and asked 7 the same questions. Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedes, and trade stocks, and they“re more likely to go to 8 church, do
6、 volunteer work, or put up roots in a community. 9 Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn“t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills and in t
7、he daily clash of world 10 views between reporters and their readers.（分数：25.00）Those of us involved in the internationalization of higher education rely on a series of assumptions that are often not supported by data or evidence. For instance, we believe that internationalization is not only positiv
8、e but also very relevant as a key component of the changing landscape of higher education. When asking about why internationalization is important, we are 11 prepared to recite a list of their benefits for the students, the 12 faculty, the institution, and the society in generally. Well, if we 13 do
9、n“t defend our jobs well, who will do it? We assume that internationalization is good, but we often lack any data to support our assumptions. Also, we don“t think too much about the fact that there are different rationales so as to why, how, and for which 14 purposes an institution or, for that matt
10、er, a whole region, wants to engage in an internationalization effort. At most, that“s what new 15 data from the International Association of Universities (IAU) shows. Basing on the principle that “it depends, and context matters 16 more than ever,“ it is especially interesting to take a look at the
11、 third Global Survey Report in Internationalization of Higher 17 Education. This comprehensive survey is the largest of its kind worldwide, and includes responses from 745 institutions in 115 countries. For purpose of analysis, the results were clustered in the 18 following regions: Africa, Asia-Pac
12、ific, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East, and North America. Even though the survey is on its third edition, it still has limitations which unfortunately is acknowledged and explained in the document. 19 Nevertheless, it provides useful hints about trends in international education
13、 not only on a worldwide basis but also region. 20 （分数：25.00）Language is not merely something that is spread out in space, as it wasa series of reflections in individual minds of one and the 21 same timeless picture. Language moves down time in a current of its own making. It has a drift. If there w
14、ere no breaking up for a 22 language into dialects, and if each language continued a firm, self- 23 contained unity, it would still be constantly moving away from any assignable norm, developing new features unceasingly and gradually transforming it into a language so different from its starting poi
15、nt as 24 to be in effect a new language. Now dialects arise not because of the mere fact of individual variation but because two or more groups of individuals have become sufficiently disconnected to drift apart, or independently, instead of together. So long as they keep strict 25 together, no amou
16、nt of individual variation would lead to the formation of dialects. In a practice, of course, no language can be 26 spread over a vast territory and even over a considerable area without 27 showing dialectic variations, for it is possible to keep a large 28 population from segregating itself into lo
17、cal groups, the language of each of which tends to drift independently. In cultural conditions 29 such as apparently prevail today, conditions that fight localism at every turn, the tendency to dialectic cleavage is being constantly counteracted and in part “corrected“ by the factors already referre
18、d to. Yet even in so young a country like America the dialectic 30 differences are not inconsiderable.（分数：25.00）A project likely to evolve in the near or intermediate future is space tourism. Today space tourism has become a pure commercial 31 activity that would not have to rely unpredictable gover
19、nment 32 decisions. It would therefore put space operations on a much more solid, dependable footing and would enormously expand man“s space activity. If some people see space tourism as a potential multibillion- 33 dollar business, difficult technical problems remain to be sobered. First, in order
20、to fulfill the dream of space tourism, a manned reusable rocket like the Venture Star must be built. Then, the second serious problem must be addressed: Even 34 today“s most-advanced space rockets are able to lift only about 2.5% of their launch weight into orbita ratio that has hardly changed in th
21、e last 40 years. But it is simply impossible to find 35 other alternations other than a rocket. This unsatisfying fact is a 36 result of the limits of material characteristics and chemical power sources, and there is no indication which any fundamental 37 breakthrough can be expected in these areas
22、in the foreseeable future. Then these who have long-cherished dreams of space tourism 38 have to wait forever. Operational costs may be somewhat reduced by the use of air- breathing engines to help a reusable rocket penetrate into earth“s atmosphere. Today the highest cost attainable to lift a paylo
23、ad to 39 orbit is more than $4,000 per pound; the price of a ticket to space would have to be at least $50,000. It is questionable whether a sufficient number of customers could be tempted to pay so a high 40 price for a short trip around the world.（分数：25.00）专业八级-303 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LANG
24、UAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：100.00)Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project. Sadly to say, this pro
25、ject has turned out to be mostly low-level 1 findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combining with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what 2 in world those readers really want. 3 But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world throug
26、h a set of standard templates (patterns) which they plug each day“s events. In other words, there is a 4 conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news. There is a social and cultural disconnection between jo
27、urnalists and their readers, which help explain why the “standard templates“ 5 of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recently survey, 6 questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communitie
28、s were phoned at randomly and asked 7 the same questions. Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedes, and trade stocks, and they“re more likely to go to 8 church, do volunteer work, or put up roots in a comm
29、unity. 9 Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn“t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills and in the daily clash of world 10 views between r
30、eporters and their readers.（分数：25.00）解析：SadlySad解析 词性混用。Sad to say 的意思是“遗憾的是”，这是一个省略句，补充完整应该是“I am sad to say”，所以此处应该用形容词 Sad。解析：combiningcombined解析 非谓语动词误用。combine.with.的意思是“与结合，和一起”，这里用此短语的非谓语形式修饰 lowlevel findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes由于 low-level findings与 head-s
31、cratching puzzlement是被结合到一起的，因此用 combine的过去分词形式表被动。解析：inthe解析 固定搭配中的冠词缺失。in the world 是固定搭配，意思是“到底，究竟”。解析：whichinto解析 介词缺失。此处为定语从句，从句中的 plug.into的意思是“插入”，此处 into被提前，和 which一起引导定语从句，从句缺少了 into就不完整了。句子的意思是“多数新闻记者都学着用一套标准的模式去看待世界，并把每天发生的事件纳入这种模式中。”解析：helphelps解析 主谓不一致。此处为 which引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的一整句话，而
32、不是 their readers，所以谓语动词应该用单数 helps，这句话的意思是“新闻记者和读者之间存在着社会和文化方面的脱节，这就是新闻编辑室的标准模式与众多读者的意趣相差甚远的原因。”解析：recentlyrecent解析 词性混用。修饰名词 survey应使用形容词，故将 recently改为recent。解析：randomlyrandom解析 固定搭配错误。at random 是固定搭配，意思是“随机地，任意地”。解析：moreless解析 语义错误。根据上下文，这里是在比较新闻记者和读者的差异，本句的意思应该是“新闻记者更有可能居住在富人区，配有女佣和奔驰车并且炒股，而他们去教堂
33、、参加志愿者服务或扎根于社区的可能性却较小。”解析：updown解析 固定搭配错误。put down roots in 的意思是“扎根于”。解析：andbut解析 连词误用。结合上下文，这句话的意思是“读者对新闻媒介惊人的不信任的根源并非是报道失实或报道技巧差，而是记者和读者之间世界观的冲突。”not.but.指“不是而是”，所以此处应该用 but。Those of us involved in the internationalization of higher education rely on a series of assumptions that are often not supp
34、orted by data or evidence. For instance, we believe that internationalization is not only positive but also very relevant as a key component of the changing landscape of higher education. When asking about why internationalization is important, we are 11 prepared to recite a list of their benefits f
35、or the students, the 12 faculty, the institution, and the society in generally. Well, if we 13 don“t defend our jobs well, who will do it? We assume that internationalization is good, but we often lack any data to support our assumptions. Also, we don“t think too much about the fact that there are d
36、ifferent rationales so as to why, how, and for which 14 purposes an institution or, for that matter, a whole region, wants to engage in an internationalization effort. At most, that“s what new 15 data from the International Association of Universities (IAU) shows. Basing on the principle that “it de
37、pends, and context matters 16 more than ever,“ it is especially interesting to take a look at the third Global Survey Report in Internationalization of Higher 17 Education. This comprehensive survey is the largest of its kind worldwide, and includes responses from 745 institutions in 115 countries.
38、For purpose of analysis, the results were clustered in the 18 following regions: Africa, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East, and North America. Even though the survey is on its third edition, it still has limitations which unfortunately is acknowledged and explained i
39、n the document. 19 Nevertheless, it provides useful hints about trends in international education not only on a worldwide basis but also region. 20 （分数：25.00）解析：askingasked解析 非谓语动词误用。when 引导的时间状语从句中，当从句的主语和主句主语一致时，从句主语和系动词可一起省略。根据后文 we are prepared to recite可知从句主语为 we，而we与 ask之间是动宾关系，故将 asking改为 ask
40、ed表被动。解析：theirits解析 代词误用。该处物主代词指代的是前文中出现的名词 internationalization，为不可数名词，故应使用 its。解析：generallygeneral解析 固定搭配错误。in general 为固定搭配，意思是“总之，通常”，故将 generally改为 general。解析：so so 解析 副词冗余。so as to 的意思是“以便，以致”，后面跟动词原形，而此处 to后面跟的是从句，结合上下文可知，该处表示的意思是“关于”，应使用 as to“关于，就而论”，故将 so去掉。解析：mostleast解析 语义错误。at most 意为“至
41、多，最多”，而该处意为“至少那是国际大学协会(IAU)提供的新数据。”故将 most改为 least。解析：BasingBased解析 非谓语动词误用。当分词作状语时，要判断应使用过去分词还是现在分词，关键是看动词和其逻辑主语的关系是主动还是被动。在此句中，base 与主语 it之间为动宾关系，应使用过去分词形式，故将 Basing改为 Based。解析：inon解析 介词误用。report 通常和 on连用，表示“关于的报告”，故将 in改为 on。解析：purposethe解析 冠词缺失。for the purpose of 为固定表达，意为“为了目的”，purpose前面应该加定冠词 t
42、he表示特指。解析：unfortunatelyfortunately解析 语义错误。由 limitations.is acknowledged and explained in the document可知，文献中承认并解释了调查的局限性，这应该是一件值得庆幸的事，故将 unfortunately改为 fortunately。解析：regionby解析 介词缺失。not only.but also.连接的成分在结构上应该保持一致。not only后面跟的是介词短语 on a worldwide basis，所以 but also后也应该使用介词短语，故在 region前加 by，by regi
43、on 表示“按地区”。Language is not merely something that is spread out in space, as it wasa series of reflections in individual minds of one and the 21 same timeless picture. Language moves down time in a current of its own making. It has a drift. If there were no breaking up for a 22 language into dialects
44、, and if each language continued a firm, self- 23 contained unity, it would still be constantly moving away from any assignable norm, developing new features unceasingly and gradually transforming it into a language so different from its starting point as 24 to be in effect a new language. Now diale
45、cts arise not because of the mere fact of individual variation but because two or more groups of individuals have become sufficiently disconnected to drift apart, or independently, instead of together. So long as they keep strict 25 together, no amount of individual variation would lead to the forma
46、tion of dialects. In a practice, of course, no language can be 26 spread over a vast territory and even over a considerable area without 27 showing dialectic variations, for it is possible to keep a large 28 population from segregating itself into local groups, the language of each of which tends to
47、 drift independently. In cultural conditions 29 such as apparently prevail today, conditions that fight localism at every turn, the tendency to dialectic cleavage is being constantly counteracted and in part “corrected“ by the factors already referred to. Yet even in so young a country like America
48、the dialectic 30 differences are not inconsiderable.（分数：25.00）解析：waswere解析 虚拟语气错误。as it were 意为“可以说，在某种程度上”，表示虚拟。解析：forof解析 介词误用。breaking up 和 language之间是所属关系，应该用名词所有格中的“of+名词”的结构。解析：continuedas解析 介词缺失。continue 在此是不及物动词，意为“继续(发展)”，as 在此作介词，意为“作为”。本句意为“如果每一种语言继续作为一个稳定、独立的个体发展”。所以continue后面应该加介词 as。解析
49、：ititself解析 代词误用。transforming 后面的宾语 it(指 language)已经在前面作为主语出现过，因此此处应该用其反身代词 itself。解析：strictstrictly解析 词性混用。该句中被修饰的 together是副词，因此应该用副词strictly来修饰。本句大意是“只要它们完全在一起，就不会有个体的变化能够导致方言的形成。”解析：a a 解析 冠词冗余。in practice 为固定搭配，意为“实际上”，不用加不定冠词 a。本句大意为“事实上，没有哪种语言能够在丝毫不体现方言区别的情况下在广阔的领土上被传播。”解析：andor解析 连词误用。该句中 a vast territory和后面提到的 a considerable area是一种递进关系，or even 和 and even均可表示“乃至，以至”。但是，由于本句是否定句，有明显的否定词no，故应使用连词 or。解析：possibleimpossible解析 语义错误。根据上下文可知，此处意为“阻止较多人口分裂成局部的族群是不可能的事”，因此应该使用 impos
