1、Designation: C188 17 American Association StateHighway and Transportation Officials StandardAASHTO No.: T133Standard Test Method forDensity of Hydraulic Cement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C188; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ado
2、ption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defen
3、se.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the densityof hydraulic cement. Its particular usefulness is in connectionwith the design and control of concrete mixtures.1.2 The density of hydraulic cement is defined as the massof a unit volume of the solids.1.3 The values stated in SI
4、 units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 WarningFresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures arecaustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue uponprolonged exposure.21.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns
5、, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with inte
6、rnationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C114
7、 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of HydraulicCementC125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic CementC604 Test Method for True Specific Gravity of RefractoryMaterials by Gas-Comparison PycnometerC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bia
8、s Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsD2638 Test Method for Real Density of Calcined PetroleumCoke by Helium Pycnometer3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, referto Terminology C125 and C219.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method
9、 provides a procedure for the determi-nation of density of hydraulic cement samples using non-instrumental techniques.5. Apparatus5.1 Le Chatelier flaskThe standard flask, which is circularin cross section, with shape and dimensions conformingessentially to Fig. 1 (Note). The requirements in regard
10、totolerance, inscription and length, spacing, and uniformity ofgraduation will be rigidly observed. There shall be a space ofat least 10 mm between the highest graduation mark and thelowest point of grinding for the glass stopper.5.1.1 The material of construction shall be excellent qualityglass, tr
11、ansparent and free of striae. The glass shall bechemically resistant and shall have small thermal hysteresis.The flasks shall be thoroughly annealed before being gradu-ated. They shall be of sufficient thickness to ensure reasonableresistance to breakage.5.1.2 The neck shall be graduated from 0 to 1
12、 mL and from18 to 24 mL in 0.1-mL graduations. The error of any indicatedcapacity shall not be greater than 0.05 mL.5.1.3 Each flask shall bear a permanent identification num-ber and the stopper, if not interchangeably ground, shall bearthe same number. Interchangeable ground-glass parts shall bemar
13、ked on both members with the standard-taper symbol,followed by the size designation. The standard temperatureshall be indicated, and the unit of capacity shall be shown bythe letters “mL” placed above the highest graduation mark.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C01 on Ce
14、mentand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.25 on Fineness.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2017. Published December 2017. Originallyapproved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as C188 16. DOI:10.1520/C0188-17.2Section on Safety, Manual of Cement Testing, Annual Book of AST
15、MStandards, Vol. 04.01.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears
16、at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles
17、for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.15.2 Kerosine, free of water, or naphtha, having a densitygreater than 0.73 g/mL at 23 6 2C shall be used in the densitydetermination.5.3 The u
18、se of alternative equipment or methods for deter-mining density is permitted provided that a single operator canobtain results within 60.03 g/cm3of the results obtained usingthe flask method.NOTE 1The design is intended to ensure complete drainage of theflask when emptied, and stability of standing
19、on a level surface, as well asaccuracy and precision of reading.5.3.1 The following alternative methods using helium fordensity determination are permitted:5.3.1.1 The methodology as described in Test Method C604.Sections of the standard relating to grinding the sample shall beomitted because cement
20、 is already a powder.5.3.1.2 The methodology as described in Test MethodD2638. Sections of the standard relating to grinding the sampleshall be omitted because cement is already a powder.6. Procedure6.1 Determine the density of cement on the material asreceived, unless otherwise specified. If the de
21、nsity determina-tion on a loss-free sample is required, first ignite the sample asdescribed in the loss on ignition section on Portland Cement ofTest Methods C114.6.2 Fill the flask (Note 2) with either of the liquids specifiedin 5.2 to a point on the stem between the 0 and the 1-mL mark.Dry the ins
22、ide of the flask above the level of the liquid, ifnecessary, after pouring. Weigh the flask, containing the liquid,and record the mass, Ma, to the nearest 0.05 g. Record the firstreading of liquid height after the flask has been immersed in thewater bath (Note 3) in accordance with 6.4.NOTE 2It is a
23、dvisable to use a rubber pad on the table top when fillingor rolling the flask.NOTE 3Before the cement has been added to the flask, a loose-fitting,lead-ring weight around the stem of the flask will be helpful in holding theflask in an upright position in the water bath, or the flask may be held int
24、he water bath by a buret clamp.6.3 Introduce a quantity of cement in small increments atthe same temperature as the liquid (Note 2) sufficient to bringthe liquid level in its final position to some point within theupper series of graduation (Note 4). Take care to avoidsplashing and see that the ceme
25、nt does not adhere to the insideof the flask above the liquid (Note 5). A vibrating apparatusmay be used to accelerate the introduction of the cement intothe flask and to prevent the cement from sticking to the neck.After all the cement has been introduced, weigh the flask againto the nearest 0.05 g
26、 and record the mass, Mt. Then, place thestopper in the flask and roll the flask in an inclined position(Note 2), or gently whirl it in a horizontal circle, so as to freeentrapped air from the cement until no further air bubbles riseto the surface of the liquid. Take the final reading after the flas
27、khas been immersed in the water bath in accordance with 6.4.NOTE 4The amount of cement required will typically be about 64 gfor Portland cement, and somewhat less for other types of cements.NOTE 5Using funnels to introduce the powder can help in ensuringthat all particles are introduced without spil
28、lage while minimizing theiradherence to the top inside portion of the flask.6.4 Immerse the flask in a constant-temperature water bathfor sufficient periods of time in order to avoid flask temperaturevariations greater than 0.2C between the initial and the finalreadings.7. Calculation7.1 The differe
29、nce between the first and the final readingsrepresents the volume of liquid displaced by the mass ofcement used in the test.7.2 Calculation of the cement density:7.2.1 Calculate the mass of cement used in testing, Mc:Mc=Mt2 Ma(1)Where:Mc= Mass of cement used, g,Mt= Mass of the flask, g, containing t
30、he liquid and thecement (see 6.3), andMa= Mass of the flask, g, with the liquid to the first set ofgraduation (see 6.2).7.2.2 Calculate the cement density, , as follows: 5 McVwhere: = density of cement, g/cm3,Mc= mass of cement as calculated under 7.2.1,g,andV = displaced volume of liquid, cm3.NOTE
31、6The displaced volume in millilitres is numerically equal to theNoteVariations of a few millimetres in such dimensions as total height of flask,diameter of base, and so forth, are to be expected and will not be consideredsufficient cause for rejection. The dimensions of the flask shown in Fig. 1 app
32、lyonly to new flasks and not to flasks in use which meet the other requirements ofthis test method.FIG. 1 Le Chatelier Flask for Density TestC188 172displaced volume in cubic centimetres.NOTE 7Calculate the cement density, , to three decimal places andround to the nearest 0.01 g/cm3.NOTE 8In connect
33、ion with proportioning and control of concretemixtures, density may be more usefully expressed as specific gravity, thelatter being a dimensionless number. Calculate the specific gravity (sp gr)as follows:sp gr = cement density/water density at 4C(where the density of water at 4C 1 g cm3)8. Precisio
34、n and Bias8.1 The single-operator standard deviation for portlandcements has been found to be 0.012.4Therefore, the results oftwo properly conducted tests by the same operator on the samematerial should not differ by more than 0.03.8.2 The multilaboratory standard deviation for portlandcements has b
35、een found to be 0.037.4Therefore, the results oftwo properly conducted tests from two different laboratories onsamples of the same cement should not differ by more than0.10.48.3 Since there is no accepted reference material suitable fordetermining any bias that might be associated with this testmeth
36、od, no statement on bias is being made.9. Keywords9.1 density; hydraulic cement; specific gravitySUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C188 16)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Dec. 1, 2017.)(1) Revise
37、d Section 3 (adjusted formatting and added referenceto Terminology C219.Committee C01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C188 15)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Dec. 15, 2016.)(1) Added 5.3.1 5.3.1.2.Committee C01 has identified
38、 the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C188 14)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Oct. 1, 2015.)(1) Revised 6.2, 6.3, and 7.2. (2) Added Notes 4 and 5, and 7.2.1 and 7.2.2.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent ri
39、ghts asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at an
40、y time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments w
41、ill receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by A
42、STM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ numbers represent the 1s and d2s limits described in Practice C670.C188 173
