1、Designation: D3549/D3549M 17Standard Test Method forThickness or Height of Compacted Asphalt MixtureSpecimens1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3549/D3549M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers determination of the thickness(or height) of compacted asphalt mixture specimens.1.2 Unit
3、sThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in noncon-formance with t
4、he standard.1.2.1 Section 7.4 specifies SI units because they are theunits used in the equations for Test Methods D1188 andD2726. Performing calculations without first converting anymeasurements made in inch-pound units to SI units in 7.4 willresult in nonconformance with the standard.1.3 This stand
5、ard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This inte
6、rnational standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT)
7、Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D8 Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pave-mentsD1188 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Density ofCompacted Bituminous Mixtures Using Coated SamplesD2726 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof Non-Absorptive Compa
8、cted Asphalt MixturesD3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agen-cies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving MaterialsD5361/D5361M Practice for Sampling Compacted AsphaltMixtures for Laboratory Testing3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in thisstandard, refer to Term
9、inology D8.4. Significance and Use4.1 The thickness of a compacted asphalt mixture is oftenused as a construction check to ensure that the proper quantityof materials has been placed on a project, and to correctstrength measurement on constant diameter specimens withvarying heights.NOTE 1The text of
10、 this test method references notes and footnoteswhich provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excludingthose in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of thetest method.NOTE 2The quality of the results produced by this standard aredependent on the competence of
11、the personnel performing the procedureand the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used.Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generallyconsidered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling,inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that
12、compliance withSpecification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results.Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions ofSpecification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides ameans of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Any o
13、f the following apparatus may be used to measurethe dimensions of test specimens to the nearest 0.1 cm (116 in.):NOTE 3The specifying agency may establish alternate unit require-ments for measurement.5.1.1 A metal tape or rule.5.1.2 A set of calipers.5.1.3 A measurement jig or other device, fabricat
14、ed in sucha manner that it is capable of measuring specimen thicknessesin accordance with this procedure.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.21 onSpecific Gravity and Density of Asphalt Mix
15、tures.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017. Published October 2017. Originallyapproved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D3549/D3549M 11.DOI: 10.1520/D3549_D3459M-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm
16、.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with int
17、ernationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.16. Test Specimens6.1 Test specimens shall be l
18、aboratory compacted or fromcompacted asphalt pavements.6.2 Pavement test specimens shall be taken with a core drill,diamond or carborundum saw, or by other suitable means.6.2.1 Thickness measurements shall not be made on anyspecimen that has been distorted or cracked in removal fromthe pavement, rem
19、oval from laboratory compaction molds, orduring storage prior to measuring.6.2.2 Specimens shall be free of foreign materials such asseal coat, foundation material, soil, paper, or foil.6.2.3 Where desirable, specimens may be separated fromother layers according to Practice D5361/D5361M.7. Procedure
20、7.1 The thickness of specimens shall be determined eitherdirectly through measurement using a tape, rule, calipers,measurement jig, or other suitable device (Method A) orthrough a combination of measurements of surface area andcalculations using density as determined according to TestMethod D1188 or
21、 D2726 (Method B).METHOD A7.2 Thickness of specimens with relatively plane horizontalsurfaces or layers with well-defined, uniform lines of demar-cation may be measured with a tape, rule, or calipers inaccordance with the following:7.2.1 Measure the thickness of the specimen or layer usingany of the
22、 apparatus described in 5.1. Make thickness mea-surements approximately perpendicular to the upper plane ofthe specimen. Measure between upper and lower surfaces,between a well-defined construction demarcation line andeither the upper or lower surface, or between two well-definedconstruction demarca
23、tion lines.7.2.2 Make four measurements at approximately quarterpoints on the periphery of cores or at the approximate midpointof each of the four sides of rectangular, sawed specimens.Record the average of these measurements as the thickness ofthe specimen.7.3 Alternatively, the average thickness o
24、f specimens withrelatively plane horizontal surfaces may be measured by meansof measurement jig or other suitable device, provided thedevice yields results consistently within 60.3 cm 618 in. ofthose obtained in accordance with 7.2.METHOD B7.4 Specimens of dense-graded asphalt mixtures (less than10
25、% air voids) with uniform vertical boundaries may have thethickness determined by dividing the volume of the specimenby its cross-sectional area in accordance with the followingprocedure:NOTE 4Examples are laboratory-compacted test specimens preparedfor Marshall test and pavement cores or specimens
26、cut with diamond coredrills or diamond rotary saw blades.NOTE 5Specimens cut from the pavement with handheld or power-operated chisels should be trimmed by abrasion or diamond sawing toremove any distorted areas prior to measuring.7.4.1 Determine the area in square centimeters of a horizon-tal plane
27、 through the specimen approximately equidistant fromthe upper and lower surface and approximately perpendicularto the vertical sides of the specimen.7.4.2 Determine the volume in cubic centimeters of thespecimen by either Test Method D1188 or D2726.NOTE 6The following equations represent the volume
28、determinationsof the specimens in Test Method D1188 or D2726, respectively:Volume cm35D 2 E 2 D 2 A!/F1orB 2 C1(1)where:A = mass of the dry specimen in air, g,B = mass of the saturated surface-dry specimen in air, g,C = mass of the specimen in water, g,D = mass of dry, coated specimen, g,E = mass of
29、 coated specimen under water, g, andF = specific gravity of coating determined at 25 6 1 C (77 6 2 F).The denominator is the density of water in g/cm3or kg/m3, which forthe purpose of this test is considered to be unity.7.4.3 Calculate the average thickness of the specimen asfollows using the area d
30、etermination from 7.4.1 and the volumedetermination from 7.4.2:Thickness, cm 5Volume cm3!Area cm2!(2)8. Report8.1 Report the thickness (or height) of the specimen as theaverage thickness determined by any of the procedures de-scribed in 7.2 7.4. Report the thickness to the nearest 0.1 cm(116 in.) if
31、 Method A was used. Report the thickness to thenearest 0.1 cm if Method B was used.NOTE 7The specifying agency may establish alternate unit require-ments for measurement.8.2 Indicate on the report which of the three procedures wasused to determine the thickness, that is, measurement by tape,rule, or
32、 calipers (7.2), measurement jig (7.3), or calculatedfrom volume/area (7.4).9. Precision39.1 English Units.9.2 SI Units.9.3 BiasSince there is no accepted reference materialsuitable for determining the bias for this test method, nostatement on bias is given.3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM I
33、nternational Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D04-1021. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.D3549/D3549M 172APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. ASPHALT PAVEMENT THICKNESS VARIABILITY DATATest and Type IndexStandardDeviation,Inches (1s)AcceptableRange of T
34、woTest Results,Inches (d2s)Diameter MeasurementsASingle-operator precision 0.007 0.021Multilaboratory precision 0.010 0.027Height MeasurementsBSingle-operator precisionMarshall SMAC0.009 0.026Gyratory 0.004 0.011Cores 0.023 0.064Multilaboratory precisionMarshall SMA 0.013 0.037Gyratory 0.016 0.047Co
35、res 0.044 0.125AFifteen operators, using a range of measurement devices (excluding jigs)measured the diameter of five samples (two cores, two gyratory compactedsamples, and one Marshall-compacted stone matrix asphalt mix).BTwenty operators, using a range of measurement devices (excluding jigs)measur
36、ed the heights of the same samples.CSMA: Stone Matrix Asphalt.Test and Type IndexStandardDeviation,cm (1s)AcceptableRange of TwoTest Results,cm (d2s)Diameter MeasurementsASingle-operator precision 0.0178 0.0503Multilaboratory precision 0.0254 0.0718Height MeasurementsBSingle-operator precisionMarsha
37、ll SMAC0.0229 0.0648Gyratory 0.0102 0.0288Cores 0.00584 0.1652Multilaboratory precisionMarshall SMA 0.0330 0.0933Gyratory 0.0406 0.1148Cores 0.1118 0.3162AFifteen operators, using a range of measurement devices (excluding jigs)measured the diameter of five samples (two cores, two gyratory compacteds
38、amples, and one Marshall-compacted stone matrix asphalt mix).BTwenty operators, using a range of measurement devices (excluding jigs)measured the heights of the same samples.CSMA: Stone Matrix Asphalt.TABLE X1.1 Asphalt Pavement Thickness VariabilityGrouped Data from a Number of ReportsThickness Ran
39、ge, in. Standard DeviationCoefficient ofVariation, %1.0 to 1.9 0.21 14.72.0 to 2.9 0.29 13.03.0 to 3.9 0.37 11.34.0 to 4.9 0.53 12.56.0 0.75 12.5D3549/D3549M 173ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this sta
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