1、Designation: D3877 08Standard Test Methods forOne-Dimensional Expansion, Shrinkage, and Uplift Pressureof Soil-Lime Mixtures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3877; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods provide procedures for conductingexpansion, shrinkage, and uplift pressure tests on c
3、ompactedsoil-lime mixtures and can be used to determine the limecontent required to achieve desired control of volume changescaused by increases or decreases of moisture.1.2 The tests can be used to determine (a) the magnitude ofvolume changes under varying load conditions, (b) the rate ofvolume cha
4、nge, and (c) the magnitude of pressure change asmoisture changes of the soil-lime mixture take place. Thepermeability of soil-lime mixture can also, if desired, bedetermined at the various load conditions.NOTE 1Changes in field conditions can have major effects on theexpansion and shrinkage characte
5、ristics of expansive soils. Therefore, tothe greatest extent possible, initial and anticipated future field conditionsshould be duplicated, particularly with respect to moisture and density.1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding esta
6、blished inPractice D6026, D37401.3.1 The method used to specify how data are collected,calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related tothe accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or otheruses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using thisstandard is beyond i
7、ts scope.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to esta
8、blish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C51 Terminology Relating to Lime and Limestone (as usedby the Industry)D427 Test Method for Shrinkage Factors of Soils by theMercury Metho
9、d (Withdrawn 2008)3D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids byWater PycnometerD1452 Practice for Soil Expl
10、oration and Sampling by AugerBoringsD1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2435 Test Methods for One-Dimensional C
11、onsolidationProperties of Soils Using Incremental LoadingD3551 Practice for Laboratory Preparation of Soil-LimeMixtures Using Mechanical MixerD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4943 T
12、est Method for Shrinkage Factors of Soils by theWax MethodD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalData3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Refer to Terminology C51 for terms relating to lime.3.1.2 Refer to Terminology D653 for terms relating to soil.1These test methods are under th
13、e jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soiland Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.15 on StabilizationWith Admixtures.Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approvedin 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D3877 02. DOI: 10.1520/D3877
14、-08.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is
15、 referenced onwww.astm.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesNOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.Con
16、tact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information14. Significance and Use4.1 From these tests the relative expansive potential ofsoil-lime mixtures containing varying amounts of lime can beevaluated. From such an evaluation, the amount of limerequired to reduce expansion to acceptabl
17、e levels can bedetermined. The data can then be used for the design andspecification requirements for subgrades and structural fillswhere expansive soils are encountered and it is desired to givea certain degree of expansion-shrinkage control to structurefoundations and road subgrades. The tests wil
18、l also show if thespecific soils are amenable to lime stabilization.NOTE 2The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are ge
19、nerally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/and the like. Users of thisstandard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not initself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors;Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some
20、 of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 The apparatus shall comply with the requirements ofTest Method D2435, except that the minimum specimenthickness shall be 19.0 mm (0.75 in.). The apparatus shall becapable of exerting a pressure on the specimen of at least200 % of the maximum anticipated design load
21、and at least themaximum uplift pressure.5.2 Micrometer Dial Gauge, mounted on the apparatus asshown in Fig. 1. Other equivalent arrangements may be usedfor mounting the gauge. The sensitivity of the dial gauge shallbe 60.0025 mm (60.0001 in.).5.3 Ring Gauge, machined to the same height as thespecime
22、n ring to an accuracy of 60.02 mm (60.001 in.) andthat can be fitted into the consolidometer.5.4 Consolidometer, equipped with a lower drain cock andpermeameter tube standpipe for removing any entrapped airbelow the specimen and for adding water to the specimen,respectively, as shown on Fig. 1.5.5 E
23、xtension Collar, for compacting specimens, about 100mm (4 in.) in depth and of the same diameter as the specimenring.NOTE 3Specimens may be compacted in a mold larger than thespecimen ring and the specimens trimmed to fit the specimen ring.5.6 Compaction Hammer, of the type required for TestMethods
24、D698, Method A, or D1557, Method A.5.7 Glass Plates, two, to cover each consolidometer ring.6. Sampling6.1 Samples of natural soils for these tests may be obtainedin accordance with Practice D1452 or from other approvedmethods. The soil samples should not be oven dried prior totest specimen preparat
25、ion.7. Procedure7.1 Assemble the consolidometer base, specimen ring, po-rous plates, and load plate with the ring gauge in the emptyspecimen container with the same arrangement of parts to beused for testing the specimen.7.2 Place the assembly in the loading apparatus in the sameposition it will occ
26、upy during the test.7.3 Apply a load equal to a unit pressure of 2.4 kPa (50lbf/ft2) on the load plate.7.4 Record the initial dial gauge reading, r1. Mark the partsof the apparatus so that they can be reassembled in the samematched position during the test on the soil-lime specimen.7.5 Prepare a min
27、imum of 1 kg (2 lb) of the soil-limemixture with the desired lime and water contents in accordancewith Method D3551. The mixture shall have no particles largerthan 4.75 mm (316 in., No. 4 sieve size).7.6 Weigh the consolidometer ring.7.7 With the extension collar in place on the assembledconsolidome
28、ter ring, compact the specimen in the consolidom-eter ring to the desired wet unit weight by means of a suitableFIG. 1 Fixed-Ring ConsolidometerD3877 082compaction hammer. The specimen should have a thickness ofabout 6 mm (14 in.) greater than the depth of the ring gauge.7.8 Remove the extension col
29、lar and trim the excess mate-rial from the top of the specimen with a suitable straightedge orother tool.7.9 Place a moisture sample of the trimmed material in anairtight container for later moisture content determinations inaccordance with Test Method D2216.7.10 Immediately after trimming the compa
30、cted specimen,weigh the specimen and ring and cover the exposed surfaces ofthe specimen with glass plates held in place by clamps, untilthe specimen is placed in the loading device.7.11 Compute the initial wet density of the specimen usingthe calculated volume of the consolidometer ring and the netw
31、eight of the specimen. The computed wet density shall bewithin 16.02 kg/m3(1 lb/ft3) and 1 % water content of thatrequired.7.12 If the desired density is not obtained, discard thespecimen. Repeat the compaction process, adjusting the com-pactive effort to achieve the desired unit weight.7.13 Any cur
32、ing for the soil-lime specimen shall be done atthis time. Conduct all curing in suitable sealed containers toprevent moisture evaporation and carbonation of the lime.7.14 At the end of the curing period, place the specimenwith its confining consolidometer ring in the loading apparatusin accordance w
33、ith Test Method D2435, making certain that theparts are matched in the same matched position as that used forthe initial calibration (1:4).7.15 Apply a seating load equal to a pressure of 2.4 kPa (50lbf/ft2).7.16 Record the dial gauge reading, r2. Use the difference ofr1to r2to determine the exact h
34、eight of the specimen.8. Expansion Tests8.1 The expansive characteristics of an expansive soil withor without lime treatment vary according to the applied stresspaths.8.2 At least two duplicate specimens are required for acomplete test.8.3 Using the procedures described in this method and inTest Met
35、hod D2435, determine the data for two series of tests:(1) loaded and expanded, whereby the unsoaked specimen issaturated with water and then loaded to prevent uplift (CurveAof Fig. 2), and (2) expanded and loaded, whereby the specimenis saturated prior to loading (Curve B of Fig. 2). See Fig. 2 fora
36、 typical plot of Curves A and B. Any other loading procedurewould be intermediate in nature and represented by pointsalong a path such as shown by Curve C of Fig. 2.8.4 Loaded and ExpandedAfter the initial seating load hasbeen applied and the initial dial gauge reading has beenrecorded, saturate spe
37、cimen No. 1 in the following manner.8.4.1 Fill the permeameter tube standpipe with distilledwater (Note 4), taking care to remove any air that may beentrapped in the system by slowly wetting the lower porousstone and draining through the lower drain cock. (The head ofwater in the permeameter tube sh
38、ould be sufficiently low sothat the specimen is not lifted.)8.4.2 As the specimen begins to expand, increase the load asrequired to hold the specimen at its original height.8.4.3 After the maximum load, a measure of the maximumuplift pressure, has been reached and held constant for 48 hminimum, redu
39、ce the load to12,14, and18 of the maximumload and finally to the seating load of 2.4 kPa (50 lbf/ft2).Measure the height with each load. Use a greater number ofloadings if greater detail in the test curve is required.8.4.4 Maintain all loads for 24 h, or longer if needed, toobtain constant values of
40、 height.8.4.5 Remove the specimen from the ring container andweigh it immediately and again after oven drying at 105C(221F).8.4.6 Determine the water content of the total specimen inaccordance with Test Method D2216.8.4.7 Secure a specific gravity test sample from the oven-dried specimen and determi
41、ne the specific gravity of thematerial in accordance with Test Method D854.FIG. 2 Example of Load - Expansion Curves for Wetted SpecimensD3877 0838.4.8 Calculate the degree of saturation from the watercontent, dry bulk density, and specific gravity of the specimen.NOTE 4Unless otherwise specified, d
42、istilled water shall be used. It isoften desirable to use water having the same chemical constituents as thegroundwater or transported water to be encountered in the field because ofbase exchange effects.8.5 Expanded and LoadedAfter the initial seating load hasbeen applied and the initial dial gauge
43、 reading has beenrecorded, saturate specimen No. 2 in accordance with 8.4.8.5.1 Allow the specimen to expand under the seating loadfor 48 h minimum or until expansion is complete.8.5.2 Load the specimen successively to18,14,12, and 1times the maximum load found in 8.4 for specimen No. 1 todetermine
44、the reconsolidation characteristics of the specimen.Use a greater number of loadings if greater detail in the test isrequired.8.5.3 Follow the procedures specified in Test MethodD2435 for making loadings and all measurements and deter-minations.8.6 Individual Load ExpansionWhen it is desired toperfo
45、rm separate expansion tests for other conditions ofloading, use the following procedure:8.6.1 After the initial seating loads have been applied to thespecimens and the initial dial gauge readings have beenrecorded, load each specimen to the desired loading, andsaturate the specimen in accordance wit
46、h 8.4.1.8.6.2 Allow the specimen to expand under the applied loadfor 48 h or until expansion is complete. Measure the height ofthe expanded specimen.8.6.3 Reduce the load to that of the seating load. Allow theheight to become constant and measure, then remove thespecimen from the ring and make the w
47、ater content, dry bulkdensity, specific gravity, and degree of saturation determina-tions in accordance with 8.4.1. An intermediate specimen testdata example is shown on Curve C of Fig. 2.NOTE 5As an example, Curve C is plotted through the zero expansionand maximum uplift pressure point from Curve A
48、, the intermediatespecimen test data and the maximum expansion point from Curve B.9. Permeability Test9.1 After saturation of any of the test specimens describedin 8.4, 8.5, and 8.6 have been completed, permeability readingscan be taken at any time during the tests by filling thepermeameter tube.9.2
49、 Record the initial head, Hi, and allow the water topercolate through the specimen.9.3 Measure the standpipe head, Hf, and the time elapsed inminutes for the head-drop measures.9.4 Permeability tests at any particular load condition shallbe carried out for at least a 24-h period.10. Shrinkage Test10.1 When measurements of shrinkage on drying areneeded, prepare an additional specimen in accordance with 7.5and 7.6. Mold this specimen in the container ring to the samebulk density and water content conditions as the expansionspecimens No. 1 and 2.10.
