1、Designation: D4879 08Standard Guide forGeotechnical Mapping of Large Underground Openings inRock1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4879; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis guide is intended for use in both civil and mining underground excavations, whether new orexisting, which may be either regular
3、or irregular in section, large enough to be accessible to a person,and for which a record of encountered conditions and features is desired. The details of thegeotechnical mapping will be dependent upon the features being mapped, and the proposed use of theinformation. The information covered in thi
4、s guide will be based upon observations and measurementsat the surface of the excavation; geophysical measurements are not included. In general, sufficientinformation should be collected about features of interest to define uncertainty and facilitate consistentinterpretation. Mapping in accordance w
5、ith this guide is useful to provide a data base for design, forstability analyses, for confirmation of geotechnical predictions, for maintenance and monitoring, andas a permanent record of construction. This guide is not intended to provide, of itself, the methodologyfor rigorous collection of suffi
6、cient local, detailed, data for model development or verification, for insitu testing, or for ore search.1. Scope*1.1 This guide recommends procedures for mapping largesubsurface openings made for either civil or mining purposes.1.2 The mapping provides characterization and documenta-tion of the con
7、dition of the rock mass at the excavation surface.1.3 The mapping may be accomplished during or afterexcavation; however, if possible, the mapping should becompleted before construction activity modifies or obscures thesurface condition and especially any critical geologic features.1.4 The mapping l
8、evel of detail shall be appropriate for itsintended use. This mapping does not replace rigorous investi-gations to develop physical or mathematical models of behav-ior.1.5 When soil or soil-like materials are encountered in theexcavation, they should also be appropriately mapped anddescribed in acco
9、rdance with applicable ASTM standards.1.6 Many of the procedures presented in this guide may beused, as well, to map surface excavations.1.7 The mapping does not replace the surveying of excava-tion geometry.1.8 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits
10、 and rounding established inPractice D60261.9 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to addr
11、ess all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This guide offers an organized collection of informa
12、-tion or a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to
13、repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D1
14、8 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approvedin 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D4879 02 (2006). DOI:10.1520/D4879-08.*A Summary of Changes section appears at
15、 the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesNOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information1d
16、ocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering Designand Construction Purposes (Withdrawn 2011)3D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD2488 P
17、ractice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D5731 Test Method for Determination of the Point LoadStrength Index of Rock and Application to Rock StrengthClassificationsD5873 Test Method for Determination of Rock Hardness byRebound Hammer MethodD6026 Practice for Using
18、Significant Digits in GeotechnicalData3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide to refer toTerminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 adita horizontal or nearly horizontal passage drivenfrom the surface for the working or unwatering of an under-grou
19、nd excavation (based on Ref (1).43.2.2 alteration of rockany change in the mineralogiccomposition of a rock brought about by physical or chemicalmeans, especially by the action of hydrothermal solutions; also,a secondary, that is, supergene, change in a rock or mineral (2).3.2.2.1 DiscussionAlterati
20、on is sometimes considered as aphase of metamorphism, but is usually distinguished from itbecause of being milder and more localized than metamor-phism is generally thought to be (2) .3.2.3 apertureperpendicular distance between adjacentrock walls of a discontinuity in which the intervening spacecon
21、tains air, water, or uncemented infilling materials.3.2.4 backthe roof or upper part in any undergroundcavity (based on Ref (1).3.2.5 bedding surfacethe interface between two adjacentbeds of sedimentary rock; bedding is the arrangement ofsedimentary rock in layers of varying thickness, composition,t
22、exture, or color. The term may be applied to the layeredarrangement and structure of igneous and metamorphic rock(based on Ref (2).3.2.6 cleavage planesparallel or subparallel surfacesalong which a rock or mineral separates. D6533.2.7 crownthe curved roof of a tunnel (1).3.2.8 discontinuityas used i
23、n this guide, a surface ofseparation in the earth materials, which may be filled withother materials.3.2.8.1 DiscussionDiscontinuities include joints,cleavage, faults, induced fractures, and some bedding surfaces,some foliation surfaces and some contacts.3.2.9 drifta horizontal passage underground.3
24、.2.10 facethe surface exposed by excavation, at the endof the tunnel heading, or at the end of the full-size excavation(based on Ref (1).3.2.11 fall of grounda mass of roof or side material whichhas fallen in any underground excavation resulting from anycause, natural or man-induced (based on Ref (1
25、).3.2.12 faulta natural break in the physical continuity ofrock along which appreciable displacement has taken placeparallel to the breaks surface (based on Ref (2).3.2.12.1 DiscussionThe term shear has been applied ingeotechnical practice to small faults or faults with smalldisplacement.3.2.13 floo
26、rthat part of any underground opening uponwhich a person walks or upon which a roadway is laid (basedon Ref (3).3.2.14 flowing grounda mixture of earth materials andwater flowing into the excavation like a viscous fluid.3.2.15 foliationthe parallel arrangement of platy or pris-matic minerals; also t
27、he parallel arrangement of streaks orirregular bands of minerals in metamorphic rocks; a genericterm including schistosity and some rock cleavage.3.2.16 fractureas used in this guide, refers to an artificialbreak and is preceded by a modifier, for example, blastingfracture.3.2.16.1 DiscussionThis is
28、 the generic term of a naturalbreak in the physical continuity of rock; includes joints andfaults. D6533.2.17 infillingmaterial that separates the adjacent rockwalls of a discontinuity and that may be weaker than the parentrock.3.2.17.1 DiscussionTypical filling materials are sand, silt,clay, brecci
29、a, gouge, or mylonite. This term also includes thinmineral coatings and healed discontinuities, for example,quartz and calcite veins.3.2.18 invertthe curved floor of a tunnel or other under-ground opening (based on Ref (1).3.2.19 jointa natural break in the physical continuity ofrock with little or
30、no displacement parallel to the breakssurface.3.2.20 overbreakthe rock which is broken by blastingoutside the intended excavation line (based on Ref (1).3.2.21 partinga thin sedimentary layer within a bed, suchas a shale parting in coal; also a surface along which a rock isreadily separated, such as
31、 bedding surface parting (based onRef (2).3.2.22 planaritythis refers to a wave length of asperitiesgreater than 50 mm. It is described by the same asperityfeatures as are used in roughness (see also roughness).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cust
32、omer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to References at the en
33、d of thisstandard.D4879 0823.2.23 ravelling groundchunks or flakes of material whichbegin to drop out of the arch or walls some time after theground has been exposed.3.2.23.1 DiscussionIn fast ravelling ground the processstarts within a few minutes after exposure; otherwise theground is slow ravelli
34、ng.3.2.24 roofthe ceiling of any underground excavation (3).3.2.25 roughnessthis describes the topography of a dis-continuity surface (see also planarity).3.2.25.1 DiscussionDegree of roughness refers to an as-perity wave length of 50 mm or less (discernible in a 50-mmnominal diameter core). Degree
35、of roughness is described byheight and wave length of the asperities, as well as angularityand their true and apparent orientations.3.2.26 running groundgranular materials without cohe-sion which are unstable at slopes greater than their angles ofrepose.3.2.27 shaftan excavation of small area compar
36、ed with itsdepth made for exploration or raising rock, soil or water,hoisting and lowering personnel and material, or ventilatingunderground excavations (based on Ref (1).3.2.28 shearsee fault.3.2.29 spring linethe junction of the roof arch and thesides of a tunnel, drift, or adit (based on Ref. (1)
37、.3.2.30 squeezing groundground which extrudes plasti-cally into the excavation without visible fracturing or loss ofcontinuity.3.2.31 swelling groundground which absorbs water, in-creases in volume, and expands slowly into the excavation.3.2.32 terminationthe end, or the form of the end, of thetrace
38、 of a planar feature such as a joint.3.2.33 trace lengththe length of the line formed by theintersection between a planar feature such as a joint and anexposed surface of rock or soil in an excavation (based on Ref(3).3.2.34 tunnela horizontal or nearly horizontal under-ground passage that is open t
39、o the atmosphere at both ends; thisterm is often applied to an adit (based on Ref (1).3.2.35 weatheringthe destructive process or group ofprocesses constituting that part of erosion whereby earthy androcky materials on exposure to atmospheric agents at or nearthe earths surface are changed in charac
40、ter (color, texture,composition, firmness, or form), with little or no transport ofthe loosened or altered material; specifically the physicaldisintegration and chemical decomposition of rock that pro-duce an in situ mantle of waste and prepare sediments fortransportation (2).3.2.35.1 DiscussionMost
41、 weathering occurs at thesurface, but it may take place at considerable depths, as in welljointed rocks that permit easy penetration of atmosphericoxygen and circulating surface waters (2).3.3 Abbreviations:3.3.1 Some useful rock condition abbreviations are as fol-lows:3.3.1.1 blkyblocky.3.3.1.2 brb
42、reccia.3.3.1.3 Cclay.3.3.1.4 crcrushed.3.3.1.5 d.g.decomposed granite (popular term in con-struction).3.3.1.6 frfractured.3.3.1.7 Ggravel.3.3.1.8 ggouge.3.3.1.9 hhard.3.3.1.10 jtjoint.3.3.1.11 Msilt (after Swedish word mo).3.3.1.12 masmassive.3.3.1.13 mhmoderately hard.3.3.1.14 msmoderately soft.3.3
43、.1.15 rsrust stains on joints.3.3.1.16 Ssand.3.3.1.17 ssoft.3.3.1.18 swslightly weathered.3.3.1.19 wweathered or decomposed.4. Significance and Use4.1 The geotechnical map resulting from application of theprocedures set forth in this guide is permanent documentationwhich may be used in the following
44、 ways:4.1.1 Compilation of basic geotechnical information.4.1.2 Design verification.4.1.3 Evaluation of preconstruction assumptions.4.1.4 Instrumentation location and data analyses.4.1.5 Identification and location of problems and potentialproblems.4.1.6 Provision of records for cost and claims adju
45、stments.4.1.7 Provision of information useful in future similar ornearby projects.4.2 Construction or safety considerations may limit theability to map to the full extent of the procedures of this guide.4.3 There are significant benefits to mapping as close to theadvancing face of the opening as is
46、feasible, depending uponsafety and logistical considerations.4.4 Mapping emphasis should be placed on those geotech-nical features which are anticipated or are found to affectoverall performance of the excavation.4.5 Dust, water, lack of light, limited exposures, or otherphysical factors may affect
47、the quality of the mapping.5. Apparatus5.1 Engineering Tape, 25 m, or as appropriate.5.2 Waterproof Paper, if tunnel wetness requires.5.3 Covered Clip Board.5.4 Required Safety Equipment, such as a hard hat.5.5 Protractor, with movable arm.5.6 Engineers Scale.5.7 Pocket Transit (Note 1).NOTE 1Readin
48、gs may be affected by excavation steel supports,electrical and mechanical equipment, or natural sources.5.8 Supplemental Light Sources.D4879 0835.9 Pencils.5.10 Sample Containers.5.11 Rock Hammer.5.12 Optional Equipment:5.12.1 Camera, Flash, and High-Speed Film.5.12.2 Containers, or apparatus, to me
49、asure water flowquantities.5.12.3 Schmidt Rebound Hammer Test Method D5873.5.12.4 Point Load Testing Device Test Method D5731.5.12.5 Thermometer.6. Procedure6.1 The mapping shall be performed by persons withtraining in geology and with experience in underground map-ping. These persons shall review the regional and local geologyprior to mapping. A geologically qualified professional shallsupervise and be responsible for the mapping.6.2 Provision for mapping operations and a description
