1、Designation: D7602 11 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Practice forInstallation of Vulcanized Rubber Linings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7602; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the techniques used to install rubberlining sheet stock in metal tanks, pipes, and other components.Install
3、ation requirements, procedures, inspection instructions,and storage conditions for the lined tanks or equipment areoutlined.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for informati
4、on onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability
5、 of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World
6、 Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D429 Test Methods for Rubber PropertyAdhesion toRigid SubstratesD2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometer Hard-nessD4285 Test Method for Indicating Oil or Water in Com-pressed AirD4417 Test
7、 Methods for Field Measurement of SurfaceProfile of Blast Cleaned SteelD4538 Terminology Relating to Protective Coating andLining Work for Power Generation FacilitiesD5162 Practice for Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing of Non-conductive Protective Coating on Metallic SubstratesE1216 Practice for Sampl
8、ing for Particulate Contaminationby Tape Lift2.2 International Organization for Standardization:3ISO 8502-3 Preparation of Steel Substrates Before Applica-tion of Paints and Related ProductsTests for the Assess-ment of Surface CleanlinessPart 3: Assessment of Duston Steel Surfaces Prepared for Paint
9、ing (Pressure-Sensitive Tape Method)2.3 NACE Standards:4SP0178 Standard Recommended PracticeFabricationDetails, Surface Finish Requirements and Proper DesignConsiderations for Tanks and Vessels to be Lined forImmersion ServiceSP0188 Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing of New ProtectiveCoatings2.4 SSPC S
10、tandards:5SSPC-Technology Guide 15 Field Methods for Retrieval andAnalysis of Soluble Salts on Steel and Other NonporousSubstratesSSPC-SP 1 Solvent CleaningSSPC-SP 2 Hand Tool CleaningSSPC-SP 3 Power Tool CleaningSSPC-SP 5/NACE No. 1 White Metal Blast CleaningSSPC-VIS 1 Guide and Reference Photograp
11、hs for SteelSurfaces Prepared by Dry Abrasive Blast Cleaning3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions for use with this standard areshown in Terminology D4538 or other applicable standards.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D3
12、3 on ProtectiveCoating and Lining Work for Power Generation Facilities and is the directresponsibility of Subcommittee D33.09 on Protective Lining forAir Quality ControlSystems.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. Originallyapproved in 2011. Last previous edition approve
13、d in 2011 as D7602 11. DOI:10.1520/D7602-11R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available fro
14、m American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from NACE International (NACE), 15835 Park Ten Pl., Houston, TX77084, http:/www.nace.org.5Available from Society for Protective Coatings (SSPC), 800 Trumbull Dr.,Pittsburgh, PA
15、 15205, http:/www.sspc.org.Available from American ArchitecturalManufacturers Association (AAMA), 1827 Walden Office Square, Suite 550,Schaumburg, IL 60173-4268, http:/www.aamanet.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThi
16、s international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (T
17、BT) Committee.13.2.1 autoclave, na pressure vessel used for the curing orvulcanization of rubber parts by means of steam under pres-sure.3.2.2 blister, nan isolated convex deformation arisingfrom the detachment of one or more layers of lining material.3.2.3 bond failure, na separation of two adjoini
18、ng sur-faces.3.2.4 calender, na machine equipped with two or moreheavy, internally heated or cooled rolls, that is used forcontinuous sheeting or plying-up of rubber compounds.3.2.5 calender blister, ntrapped air between calender pliesof a multi-ply rubber buildup.3.2.6 chemical cure, na rubber lini
19、ng system which cancure at low temperatures by topically applying a liquid curingagent.3.2.7 cutting table, na table used for laying out, cuttingand cementing rubber sheets prior to application to the com-ponent to be lined; often, the table is heated when used.3.2.8 closed skive, na reverse-angle c
20、ut along the edge ofa rubber panel that enables the installer to stitch down the cutedge so that the bottom layer of rubber or tie gum is protectedfrom exposure to the commodity contained within the tank orpipe.3.2.9 defect, na condition that prevents the lining fromserving its function.3.2.10 down
21、skive, nsee closed skive.3.2.11 durometer, nan instrument used for measuring thehardness of rubber and plastics; the “A” durometer scale isused for flexible materials and the “D” for rigid materials.3.2.12 durometer hardness, na value that indicates theindentation or resistance to indentation of the
22、 indicator point ofa durometer; higher values indicate harder materials.3.2.13 face stock, nthe commodity-contacting stock in amulti-component lining.3.2.14 freshening, vsolvent washing of a rubber surface toprovide tack.3.2.15 hard rubber, na material made by the vulcanizationof rubber with high le
23、vels of sulfur, where the higher hardnessis due to the sulfur content.3.2.16 liner cloth, na separator, usually of cloth, plasticfilm, or paper, used to prevent adjacent layers of material fromsticking together.3.2.17 muslin, na broad term describing a wide variety ofplain-weave cotton or polyester/
24、cotton fabrics ranging fromlightweight sheers to heavier sheeting; quite frequently used asa liner in rolling up cemented rubber lining panels.3.2.18 open skive, na cut made on an angle to the surfaceproducing a tapered or feathered edge with the bottom layer ofrubber or tie gum exposed to the commo
25、dity contained withinthe tank or pipe.3.2.19 overlay, na layer of uncured stock applied touncured sheet stock to achieve at least the minimum thicknessspecified.3.2.19.1 DiscussionIf properly performed, a non-rubberadhesive will not be required. After vulcanization, the area sotreated is homogeneous
26、 and should be considered identical toa lap joint or seam, not a patch or repair.3.2.20 patch or repair, n or vthe remedy to a defect that isdone after vulcanization necessitating application of uncuredsheet stock to fully cured or vulcanized stock.3.2.21 primer, na coating applied to the surface of
27、 amaterial, prior to the application of an adhesive; sometimesconsidered as a part of the adhesive system.3.2.22 semi-hard rubber, na term used for hard rubberwhich when fully cured is flexible and can be bent withoutshattering.3.2.23 skive, na cut made on an angle to the surfaceproducing a tapered
28、or feathered edge.3.2.24 soft rubber, na term used for rubber with a hard-ness after cure of 70 durometer “A” scale, or less.3.2.25 stitch, vthe act of joining two pieces of uncuredrubber compound together by means of a stitching roller, whichis a handheld tool comprised of a wheel with a narrow edg
29、ethat is often serrated.3.2.26 surface imperfection, na condition on the surfaceof sheet stock that, although presenting an appearance otherthan smooth, is not detrimental to the serviceability of thelining.3.2.27 tack cement, na formulated rubber/cement mixturewhich can be rolled or brushed on surf
30、aces which will hold therubber panel in place until cure takes place; normally consid-ered a part of the adhesive system.3.2.28 tie gum, nan intermediate layer of rubber employedto promote bonding of two surfaces; usually a soft rubbercompound.3.2.29 wrinkle, nit is a (1) surface imperfection if is
31、hasno effect on the serviceability of the lining because the fullthickness and integrity of the material under the surfaceimperfection is unaffected or (2) defect if it violates thethickness tolerance specified or the integrity of the sheet andshall be appropriately addressed with an overlay if it i
32、sidentified before cure or removal and repair if it is identifiedafter cure.4. Significance and Use4.1 The storage of corrosive or abrasive solutions or sus-pensions requires that the metal surface of storage tanks, largepipes, or holding vessels be lined with a material that resistssuch action. Vul
33、canized rubber that is securely adhered to thetank or other metal surface imparts such resistance. An integralpart of the installation of such linings is the vulcanizationoperation that produces proper mechanical strength, chemicalresistance, and sufficient rubber-to-metal adhesion.4.2 Service condi
34、tions will dictate what type of rubber isused. Also, the service conditions will determine the properthickness of the rubber and the particular compound orcompounds used in a lining. For example: temperatures over140F (60C) typically require a thickness of14 in. (6.35 mm).Some service conditions tha
35、t have a solution composed ofseveral chemicals may require different layers of rubberD7602 11 (2017)2compounds. Within these layers, the hardness or durometer ofthe rubber may be changed as well to provide the longestservice life of the rubber lining. Consult with the rubber liningmanufacturer when
36、selecting the rubber lining system andpreparing application specifications and procedures.5. Chemical Resistance of Rubber Sheet Linings5.1 Rubber linings have excellent resistance to variouschemicals (acids and bases) as well as provide superiorabrasion resistance. Each manufacturer has rubber lini
37、ngs thatare compounded for specific service conditions. For example,a typically soft natural rubber could be specified for a low-temperature solution; however, as the temperatures increase,the hardness of the rubber must increase to provide the sameresistance to permeation. Also, various types of ru
38、bber havespecific resistance to different chemicals. Linings can also bemade with several combinations or layers of different rubbercompounds to provide multiple levels of chemical and tem-perature resistance. Even various colors can be provided whennecessary.5.2 The types of rubber sheet linings ca
39、n be listed in fourcategories:5.2.1 Soft Rubber (Natural Rubber (NR) or Isoprene Rubber(IR)One homogeneous layer.5.2.2 Two-Layer ConstructionSemi-hard, hard, or flexiblehard rubber face with a soft cushion layer of rubber (tie gum).5.2.3 Three-Layer ConstructionSoft face, semi-hardrubber, and soft c
40、ushion (tie gum).NOTE 1Each layer usually consists of 0.02- to 0.03-in. (0.5- to0.8-mm) plies calendered together to produce the specified thickness.5.2.4 Synthetic RubbersIncluding but not limited to neo-prene (polychloroprene) (CR), butyl (isobutylene-isoprene)(IIR), chlorobutyl (chloro-isobutylen
41、e-isoprene) (CIIR), bro-mobutyl (bromo-isobutylene-isoprene) (BIIR), ethylene pro-pylene diene (EPDM), hypalon (chlorosulfonated-polyethylene) (CSPE), and so forth.5.3 Rubber sheet linings resist many chemicals and areconsidered suitable for the following, subject to temperatureand concentration lim
42、itations:5.3.1 Most inorganic acids including, but not limited to,hydrochloric, phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrofluoric, and hydro-fluosilicic;5.3.2 Many organic acids including, but not limited to,acetic, tannic, and gallic;5.3.3 Inorganic salt solutions including, but not limited to,ferric chloride, zi
43、nc chloride, tin chloride, sodium cyanide, andferrous sulfate;5.3.4 Inorganic bases including, but not limited to, sodiumhydroxide, calcium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide;5.3.5 Plating solutions including, but not limited to, nickel,brass, tin, zinc, silver, and cadmium; and5.3.6 Bleach solution
44、s including, but not limited to, sodiumhypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, and chlorine.5.4 The type of rubber sheet lining to be used for a specifiedchemical service should be recommended by the rubber liningmanufacturer based on their laboratory tests and individual pastexperience. Past experience
45、 is very important and, in manycases, cannot be confirmed by short-term laboratory tests.5.5 A complete specification of service conditions is veryimportant in the selection of a rubber sheet lining. Thefollowing information should be included:5.5.1 Size, shape, and dimensions of tank or equipment t
46、obe lined (drawings if possible);5.5.2 Dimensions, wall thickness, and type of flanges orcouplings for the pipe systems;5.5.3 Chemical concentrations of all ingredients, includingdefoamers, additives, or impurities in the solution to behandled;NOTE 2It is important that all ingredients be listed, no
47、 matter howsmall their concentration, as certain materials may not remain totally insolution. They may concentrate on the bottom, the top (liquid vaporinterface), or volatilize in the vapor phase above the liquid level.5.5.4 Maximum, minimum, and operating temperatures andtime cycle for temperature
48、fluctuations;5.5.5 Percent abrasive solids, type of solid, particle size, andvelocity;5.5.6 Indoor or outdoor installation;5.5.7 Operating pressure or vacuum; and5.5.8 Special requirements or conditions not covered in thefactors in 5.5.1 5.5.7.NOTE 3To assure that the best possible lining system is
49、specified,provide the rubber lining manufacturer with all the information requestedin 5.5.1 5.5.8.5.6 When concentrations are low, from 0 to 5 %, it is oftenpreferable to use hard or semi-hard rubber linings, especially athigher temperatures 150 to 185F (65 to 85C), because oftheir superior water resistance when compared with softrubber.5.7 Soft rubber linings are normally considered suitable upto 130F (55C) and semi-hard, hard, or synthetic rubberlinings up to 185F (85C). At elevated temperatures, thechemical ef
