1、Designation: D7776 12 An American National StandardStandard Guide forSelf-Assessment of Quality System Practices in PetroleumProducts and Lubricant Testing Laboratories1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7776; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofor
2、iginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers and provides direction for the self-assessm
3、ent of the quality system practices in a laboratorytesting petroleum products and lubricants in the oil industry.This guide is intended to satisfy requirements of internationallaboratory quality standards to conduct periodic self-assessments. It is not intended for comparing laboratoryperformance am
4、ong a laboratory group or for use in externalcertification programs.1.2 Other forms of assessment formats may also be accept-able as long as they cover the essential elements of this guideregarding laboratory capability.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any,
5、 associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D94 Test Methods for Saponification Number of Petrol
6、eumProductsD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D892 Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubricat-ing OilsD1265 Practice for Sampling Liquefied Petroleum (LP)Gases, Manual MethodD3244 Practice for Utilization of Test
7、Data to DetermineConformance with SpecificationsD3700 Practice for Obtaining LPG Samples Using a Float-ing Piston CylinderD3764 Practice for Validation of the Performance of ProcessStream Analyzer SystemsD4051 Practice for Preparation of Low-Pressure Gas BlendsD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of P
8、etroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4178 Practice for Calibrating Moisture AnalyzersD4296 Practice for Sampling PitchD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4307 Practice for Prepar
9、ation of Liquid Blends for Use asAnalytical StandardsD4378 Practice for In-Service Monitoring of Mineral Tur-bine Oils for Steam, Gas, and Combined Cycle TurbinesD4418 Practice for Receipt, Storage, and Handling of Fuelsfor Gas TurbinesD5185 Test Method for Multielement Determination ofUsed and Unus
10、ed Lubricating Oils and Base Oils byInductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrom-etry (ICP-AES)D5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels forVolatility MeasurementD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6046 Classification of Hydrauli
11、c Fluids for EnvironmentalImpactD6122 Practice for Validation of the Performance of Multi-variate Online, At-Line, and Laboratory Infrared Spectro-photometer Based Analyzer SystemsD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assuranceand Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate AnalyticalMeasureme
12、nt System PerformanceD6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Cou-lometric Karl Fischer TitrationD6595 Test Method for Determination of Wear Metals andContaminants in Used Lubricating Oils or Used HydraulicFluids by Rotating Disc Electro
13、de Atomic Emission Spec-trometryD6596 Practice for Ampulization and Storage of Gasolineand Related Hydrocarbon Materials1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D02.94.01 on Task G
14、roup A: Quality Assurance and Quality Control.Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published August 2012. DOI:10.1520/D7776122For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information
15、, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesNOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.Contact ASTM International (w
16、ww.astm.org) for the latest information1D6792 Practice for Quality System in Petroleum Productsand Lubricants Testing LaboratoriesD6849 Practice for Storage and Use of Liquefied PetroleumGases (LPG) in Sample Cylinders for LPG Test MethodsD6969 Practice for Preparation of Calcined Petroleum CokeSamp
17、les for AnalysisD6970 Practice for Collection of Calcined Petroleum CokeSamples for AnalysisD7235 Guide for Establishing a Linear Correlation Relation-ship Between Analyzer and Primary Test Method ResultsUsing Relevant ASTM Standard PracticesD7260 Practice for Optimization, Calibration, and Valida-t
18、ion of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic EmissionSpectrometry (ICP-AES) for Elemental Analysis of Petro-leum Products and LubricantsD7343 Practice for Optimization, Sample Handling,Calibration, and Validation of X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometry Methods for Elemental Analysis of PetroleumProducts and
19、 LubricantsD7372 Guide for Analysis and Interpretation of ProficiencyTest Program ResultsD7482 Practice for Sampling, Storage, and Handling ofHydrocarbons for Mercury AnalysisE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE77 Test Method for Inspect
20、ion and Verification of Ther-mometersE548 Guide for General Criteria Used for Evaluating Labo-ratory Competence (Withdrawn 2002)3E882 Guide for Accountability and Quality Control in theChemical Analysis LaboratoryE898 Test Method of Testing Top-Loading, Direct-ReadingLaboratory Scales and BalancesE9
21、94 Guide for Calibration and Testing Laboratory Accredi-tation Systems General Requirements for Operation andRecognition (Withdrawn 2003)3E1323 Guide for Evaluating Laboratory Measurement Prac-tices and the Statistical Analysis of the Resulting DataIEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for Metr
22、icPractice2.2 ISO Standards:4ISO 4259 Petroleum Products Determination and Applica-tion of Precision Data in Relation to Methods of TestISO 9000 Quality Management StandardsISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence ofTesting and Calibration Laboratories3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 bia
23、s, na systematic error that contributes to thedifference between a population mean of the measurements ortest results and an accepted reference or true value. D62993.1.2 calibration, nthe determination of the values of thesignificant parameters by comparison with values indicated bya set of referenc
24、e standards. D65953.1.3 calibration standard, na material with a certifiedvalue for a relevant property, issued by or traceable to anational organization such as NIST, and whose properties areknown with sufficient accuracy to permit its use to evaluate thesame property of another sample. D67923.1.4
25、certificate of analysis (COA), na document providedby a supplier to a customer giving results from analyses ofrequired parameters to show how the material is in confor-mance with the product specifications or not.3.1.5 certified reference material, na reference materialone or more of whose property
26、values are certified by atechnically valid procedure, accompanied by a traceable cer-tificate or other documentation which is issued by a certifyingbody. D67923.1.6 control limits, nlimits on a control chart that areused as criteria for signaling the need for action or for judgingwhether a set of da
27、ta does or does not indicate a state ofstatistical control. D62993.1.7 good laboratory practices, nguidelines for the man-agement of laboratory experiments which are published byregulatory agencies or other recognized groups and are con-cerned with the organizational process and the conditionsunder
28、which laboratory studies are planned, performed,monitored, recorded, and reported. D60463.1.8 ICP-AES, na high temperature discharge generatedby passing an ionizable gas through a magnetic field inducedby a radio frequency coil surrounding the tubes that carry gas.The light emitted by this process i
29、s measured at fixed wave-lengths specific to elements of interest and converted to theirconcentrations in a sample.3.1.9 proficiency testing, ndetermination of a laboratorystesting capability by evaluating its test results in interlaboratoryexchange testing or crosscheck programs. One example is the
30、ASTM D02 Committees proficiency testing programs in awide variety of petroleum products and lubricants, many ofwhich may involve more than a 100 laboratories. D67923.1.10 quality control, na planned system of activitieswhose purpose is to provide a level of quality that meets theneeds of users; also
31、 the uses of such a system. D67923.1.11 reference material, na material with accepted ref-erence value(s), accompanied by an uncertainty at a statedlevel of confidence for desired properties, which may be usedfor calibration or quality control purposes in the laboratory.Sometimes these may be prepar
32、ed “in-house” provided thereference values are established using accepted standardprocedures. D67923.1.12 sigma, na measure of variance; also called standarddeviation.3.1.13 test performance index (TPI), nan approximatemeasure of a laboratorys testing capability, defined as the ratioof test method r
33、eproducibility to site precision. D67923.1.14 traceable, nproperty of the result of a measurementor the value of a standard whereby it can be related to stated3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from International Organization for Standardiz
34、ation (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.D7776 122references, usually national or international standards, throughan unbroken chain of comparisons all having stateduncertainties. D67923.1.15 Z-score, nstandardized and dimensionless measureof the
35、difference between an individual result in a data set andthe arithmetic mean of the data set, re-expressed in units ofstandard deviation of the data set (by dividing the actualdifference from the mean by the standard deviation for the dataset). D73723.2 Acronyms:3.2.1 ILCPASTM D02 Committee proficie
36、ncy testingprogram for interlaboratory cross-check program.3.2.2 ISOInternational Organization for Standardizationbased in Geneva, Switzerland.3.2.3 MSDSMaterial Safety Data Sheet.3.2.4 NISTNational Institute of Standards and Technologybased in Gaithersburg, MD.3.2.5 TMCASTM Test Monitoring Center h
37、eadquarteredin Pittsburgh, PA.4. Summary of Guide4.1 Petroleum products and lubricants are regularly ana-lyzed in refinery and plant laboratories using specified standardtest methods. This guide provides management with a tool toassist in determining how well their laboratory is performingrelative t
38、o established laboratory quality practices. A scoringscheme is suggested to assist the laboratory in identifyingessential elements and to prioritize corrective actions.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide can be used to evaluate the performance of alaboratory with regards to its adherence to establ
39、ished labora-tory quality practices for the essential elements of managing awell-performing laboratory. The suggested scoring system canbe used to identify the laboratory areas which need improve-ment in performance.5.2 The assessment guide (Table 1) should be adjusted ormodified to reflect the spec
40、ific laboratory quality system thatthe laboratory follows. This guide is based on Practice D6792.5.3 Similar but more generic schemes can be found in otherASTM standards such as Guide E548, E882, E994, and E1323.But this guide is the first one to attempt a numerical evaluationfor the petroleum produ
41、cts and lubricants testing laboratories inthe oil industry.6. Scoring System6.1 The suggested scoring system is given in Table 2.Laboratory areas to be self-assessed are arranged by rationalgroups. The areas and maximum aggregate scores for these aregiven in Table 2.6.1.1 Usually safety practices in
42、 a laboratory would becovered by a separate organizational structure. However, giventhat safety should be an integral part of laboratory operations,brief and salient points from this aspect are included in thisguide, but without a corresponding numerical score.Aseparateand more complete safety asses
43、sment would be desirable.6.1.2 It is recognized that a laboratorys performance can bemeasured by other criteria such as customer satisfaction whichinvolves other factors than those assessed here.6.1.3 Judgment must be used by an assessor regardingwhether the laboratory practice fully meets, partiall
44、y meets, ordoes not meet the stated requirements. Thus, partial credit canbe given depending upon the extent of compliance. A weightshould be given to each question based on its importance sincenot all requirements are of the same critical nature. Thus, theassessors observation associated with a spe
45、cific to a questionfrom Table 1 could be:Yes Good All : Max ScorePartially Satisfactory Most : Max ScoreNo Poor Some : ZeroN/A N/A None : N/A6.2 Most of the questions in Table 1 have been assigned amaximum of 10 or 20 rating points. Calibration and qualitycontrol sections carry the greatest total we
46、ight in the scoringsince these two areas are perhaps the most important onesassociated with producing accurate and precise data. Allanswers should be supported by available documents in thelaboratory.6.3 If a particular question does not apply to the activity ofthe laboratory in question, the maximu
47、m score possible shouldbe reduced by the test score allocated to that item.6.4 In many cases notes are provided at the end of the Table1 to help the assessor to understand the intent of the questions.6.5 For scoring purposes guide in Table 3 may be used. Thelaboratory may find it necessary to provid
48、e additional guidancefor scoring when there is only a partial fulfillment of therequirement.6.6 An assessment grade can be established as indicated inTable 4. The grade can be based on either a maximum possiblescore of 1300, or as a percentage of the maximum score for amodified scheme.6.7 A laborato
49、ry or an assessor may use a different scoringsystem so long as it remains consistent with the essentialelements cited in this Guide and weighting provided in Table 2.6.8 Appendix X1 provides examples responses for some ofthe questions from Table 1 as it may relate to a hypotheticalissue.6.9 For some questions in this guide there is no quantitativeanswer. The assessor should use discretion in reviewing suchanswers. An assessor should particularly pay attention whetherthe laboratory response is adequate as a good practice.6.10 The most critical a
