1、Designation: E955 88 (Reapproved 2009)1Standard Test Method forThermal Characteristics of Refuse-Derived FuelMacrosamples1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E955; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorial changes were made in November 2009.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of moisture,nonco
3、mbustibles and combustibles, and the calculation ofhigher heating value content of a large mass of refuse-derivedfuel-three (RDF).1.2 This test method may be applicable to any wastematerial, including residues from combustion, from which arepresentative sample can be prepared.1.3 The values stated i
4、n SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and he
5、alth practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7 foradditional hazard information.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E711 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Refuse-Derived Fuel by the Bomb Calorimeter (Withdrawn2011)3E791 Test Method
6、 for Calculating Refuse-Derived FuelAnalysis Data from As-Determined to Different Bases3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 combustiblesthat fraction of the RDF sample whichis consumed upon ignition exclusive of the moisture present inthe sample.3.1.2 macrosamplea r
7、epresentative sample in the order of1 kg mass is used to determine moisture, combustible, andnoncombustible content without further processing or sizereduction.3.1.3 noncombustiblesthat fraction of a macrosample re-maining after moisture and combustibles are driven off by heatand combustion. It is c
8、omposed of metallic and glass particlesin addition to the residue from combustion of organic sub-stances.3.1.4 forms of refuse-derived fuel (RDF):RDF-1Wastes used as a fuel in as-discarded form.RDF-2Wastes processed to coarse particle size with orwithout ferrous metal separation.RDF-3shredded fuel d
9、erived from municipal solid waste(MSW) that has been processed to remove metal, glass, andother inorganics. This material has a particle size such that 95weight % passes through a 2-in. (50 mm) square mesh screen.RDF-4Combustible waste processed into powder form, 95weight % passing 10-mesh screening
10、.RDF-5Combustible waste densified (compressed) into theform of pellets, slugs, cubettes, or briquettes.RDF-6Combustible waste processed into liquid fuel.RDF-7Combustible waste processed into gaseous fuel.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Amacrosample of RDF is dried and ashed successively.The moisture, c
11、ombustibles, and noncombustibles content aredetermined gravimetrically.4.2 Heating value of a macrosample of RDF is calculatedusing an established moisture and noncombustible free heatingvalue.4.2.1 Normal practice is for contracting practices to rateRDF on a higher heating value basis.4.2.2 If cont
12、racting parties choose to rate RDF on a lowerheating value basis, provision is made using an establishedmoisture and non-combustible free lower heating value.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 o
13、n Treatment,Recovery and Reuse.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E955-88(2004). DOI:10.1520/E0955-88R09E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Custome
14、r Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, Wes
15、t Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesNOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information15. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is available to producers and users ofRDF as a mean
16、s of determining thermal characteristics of alarge sample of RDF without extensive processing of thelaboratory sample. It is intended that the results obtained beused to monitor changes in the fuel characteristics of RDF overa period of time.6. Apparatus6.1 OvenA large chamber mechanical draft oven
17、(ap-proximately 508 by 508 by 508 mm (20 by 20 by 20 in.) insidedimensions) capable of maintaining a controlled temperaturebetween 100 and 500C may be used. A minimum of one airchange per minute is satisfactory. Air flow should be baffled toprevent any sample loss due to air currents.NOTE 1A home el
18、ectric oven with self-cleaning mode of operation,modified with an air inlet has been found satisfactory.46.2 Balance, having a sensitivity of 0.5 g and a capacity ofat least 2000 g.6.3 Sample ContainerA noncorroding pan (stainless steelor aluminum) approximately 15 dm3(0.5 ft3).NOTE 2Disposable alum
19、inum roasting pans (381 508 82.6 mm)(12 by 20 by 314) have been suitable for this purpose. (Two pans willprobably be required fora1kgsample).47. Hazards7.1 Due to the origins of RDF in municipal waste, commonsense dictates that some precautions should be observed whenconducting tests on samples. Rec
20、ommended hygienic practicesinclude use of gloves when handling RDF; wearing dust masks(NIOSH approved type); conducting tests under negativepressure hood; and washing hands before eating or smoking.8. Sampling8.1 RDF products are heterogeneous. For this reason, sig-nificant care should be exercised
21、to obtain a representativelaboratory sample from the RDF lot to be characterized.8.2 The sampling method for this procedure should be basedon agreements between both involved parties.59. Procedure9.1 Moisture Determination:9.1.1 Place a sample of approximately 1 kg into a taredcontainer(s) weighed t
22、o the nearest 0.5 g.Amaximum depth of10 cm is recommended. Quickly weigh the container, andsample to the nearest 0.5 g.9.1.2 Place the container and sample in the oven at 105C(220F) until the sample has attained constant weight. (Con-stant weight is reached when the loss in sample weight is lessthan
23、 0.1 % per hour of the original sample weight).NOTE 3After several runs, a period of time can be established for thematerial to reach constant weight. Overnight drying has been found to beconvenient and sufficient for some RDF products.49.1.3 After a sufficient drying time, remove the samplesfrom th
24、e oven and immediately weigh while hot to the nearest0.5 g.NOTE 4The practicality of this procedure step is demonstrated inFootnote 3.9.2 Noncombustible Determination:9.2.1 Place the container with the dried sample into alaboratory hood, and ignite the sample with a flame. Stirring isrequired to mai
25、ntain the flame. Take care so no sample is lostwhen stirring. WarningBecause of the unknown nature ofthe material, use caution during ignition and stirring.9.2.2 When a flame can no longer be maintained, place thecontainer with the partially combusted sample into the oven at500C until constant weigh
26、t is reached.NOTE 5It may be determined that constant weight can be routinelyestablished by allowing samples to ash at the prescribed temperature fora set period of time. (Two hours have been found to be sufficient).NOTE 6A home electric oven in the self cleaning mode modified topermit air circulati
27、on has been found to achieve sufficient ashing during a3 h clean cycle.49.2.3 Remove the container and noncombustibles from theoven.As soon as the container is cool enough to handle, weighto the nearest 0.5 g.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the percent moisture as follows:A 5B 2 CB3100 (1)where:A = ma
28、ss percent moisture,B = “as received” sample mass in grams, andC = “dry” sample mass in grams.Round value to nearest percent.10.2 Calculate the percent non-combustibles as follows:D 5EB3100 (2)where:D = mass percent noncombustibles,E = non-combustibles mass in grams, andB = “as received” sample mass
29、 in grams.Round value to nearest percent.10.3 Calculate the percent combustibles as follows:F 5 100 2 A1D! (3)where:F = mass percent combustibles,A = mass percent moisture, andD = mass percent non-combustibles.10.4 Calculate the higher heating value as follows:G 5F 3H100or G 5100 2 A1D!#H100(4)4Heck
30、linger, R. S., and Large, R. M., “Determination of the Fuel Characteristicsof Refuse-Derived Fuels by Macroanalysis,” Proceedings of the Seventh MineralWaste Utilization Symposium, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1980, pp. 8490.5ASTM Subcommittee E38.01 on Energy is currently in the process ofdeveloping proce
31、dures for sampling RDF-3.E955 88 (2009)12where:G = higher heating value “as received,”F = mass percent combustibles,H = higher heating value, moisture and non-combustiblesfree, in MJ/kg (Btu/lb) established by the contractingparties,A = mass percent moisture, andD = mass percent non-combustibles fre
32、e.NOTE 7Round robin testing sponsored by Committee E38 on Re-source Recovery has found that the mean moisture/ash free heating valueon six different samples of RDF analyzed in replicate (4 times) by as manyas twelve different laboratories is 21.92 MJ/kg (9423 Btu/lb) with astandard deviation of 772
33、kJ/kg (332 Btu/lb).6The relative constancy ofRDF higher heating value, moisture and ash free, is corrob-orated by research conducted by the National Bureau of Standards.7Therefore, those using this method may agree to establish a higher heatingvalue, moisture and ash free, of 22 MJ/kg (9400 Btu/lb).
34、As an alternative,those using this test method may agree to establish or adjust the higherheating value, moisture and ash free, for a particular plant by means ofTest Methods E711 and E791.10.5 Optional CalculationCalculate the lower heatingvalue as follows:I 5100 2 A1D!#J1002 A 310.3! (5)where:I =
35、lower heating value “as received,”A = mass percent moisture,D = mass percent non-combustibles,J = lower heating value moisture and non-combustibles,and free, in MJ/kg (Btu/lb) established by the contact-ing parties.NOTE 8The lower heating value of 20 MJ/kg (8600 Btu/lb) isequivalent to 22 MJ/kg (940
36、0 Btu/lb) higher heating value from Note 7.NOTE 9If the analysis is performed on residue from combustion ofmunicipal solid waste, the combustibles in the residue should be largelyfixed carbon. If bomb calorimetry is not available to establish a moistureand ash free heating value, an estimated moistu
37、re and ash free heatingvalue of 28 MJ/kg (12 000 Btu/lb) may be used for residue.11. Report11.1 The report shall include the following RDF Analysis“as received”Moisture A %Combustibles FNoncombustibles DTotal 100 %EitherHigher heating valueMJ/kg (Btu/lb)OrLower heating valueMJ/kg (Btu/lb)12. Precisi
38、on and Bias12.1 The precision and bias of this test method has yet to bedetermined.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the
39、validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your
40、comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments h
41、ave not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multip
42、le copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.o
43、rg/COPYRIGHT/).6Supporting data (Kieffer, John K., “An Approach for Determining the HeatingValue of Municipal Waste From its Combustible Content”) are available fromASTM Headquarters. Request RR: RR:E38-1002.7Kirklin, D. R., et al, “The Variability of Municipal Solid Waste and ItsRelationship to the Determination of the Calorific Value of Refuse-Derived Fuels,”Resources and Conservation , Vol 9, 1982, pp. 281300.E955 88 (2009)13
