1、Designation: G174 04 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Test Method forMeasuring Abrasion Resistance of Materials by AbrasiveLoop Contact1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G174; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers ranking rigid engineering ma-terials for abrasion resistance in rubbing agains
3、t aluminumoxide abrasive finishing tape. Though most solids can betested, this test method addresses its use for metals, andcoatings applied to metals.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does no
4、t purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was deve
5、loped in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Doc
6、uments2.1 ASTM Standards:2E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying ObservationsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodG40 Terminology Relating to Wear and ErosionG117 Guid
7、e for Calculating and Reporting Measures ofPrecision Using Data from Interlaboratory Wear or Ero-sion Tests (Withdrawn 2016)3G132 Test Method for Pin Abrasion Testing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 abrasive wear, nwear due to hard particles or hardprotuberances forced against, and moving along,
8、a solidsurface.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 abrasion, nthe process of abrasive wear.3.2.1.1 DiscussionTerminology G40 does not define abra-sion.3.2.2 abrasion resistance, nin tribology, the ability of amaterial to resist damage or attrition by abrasion.3.2.3 fixed abrasiv
9、e tape, nhard particles or grains bonded(fixed) to one side of a flexible web with a resin or similarbinder. The particles can be of any hard material and vary insize. (This abrasive medium is also known as “finishing tape,”“microfinishing tape,” “microfinishing film,” or “finishingfilm.”)3.2.4 flex
10、ible web, nplastic, paper, rubber, or other mate-rial that is thin enough to conform to a 180 wrap around a16-mm diameter cylinder under a tension of less than1.8 kg cm width.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test involves rubbing an abrasive tape loop initiallyin line-contact with a solid surface.
11、The tape abrasion producesa groove in the test surface, and the volume of materialremoved in a designated amount of abrasive rubbing ismeasured by mass loss or by calculation from the groovegeometry. The continuous loop of abrasive is used for theduration of the test and then discarded. A fresh loop
12、 is used foreach one-hour test.4.2 The wear volume produced in this test provides ameasure of the ability of a surface to resist wear damage fromabrasive substances. The smaller the wear volume in this test,the better the abrasion resistance.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commit
13、tee G02 on Wearand Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.30 on AbrasiveWear.Current edition approved July 15, 2017. Published August 2017. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as G174 04 (2009)1.DOI: 10.1520/G0174-04R17.2For referenced ASTM standa
14、rds, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copy
15、right ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of Internati
16、onal Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.14.3 The test was developed using 30 m-mean diameteraluminum oxide abrasive on a 127 m-thick polyester support,but other commercially available abrasive tapes could be used.T
17、he test has also been used with webs such as paper that areinherently abrasive to many materials.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test is useful for screening materials for use in toolsthat are subjected to abrasion from the material that is beingmachined, worked, or formed. It has been used to scree
18、n toolsteels for punch press dies, hardfacings for earth-movingmachinery, and wear coatings. This is simpler to build and usethan those used in the Test Method G132 abrasion test which,like this test, uses a fixed abrasive counterface to abrade a testmaterial.5.2 The one-hour test is intended for me
19、tals and materialsthat are softer than hardened steel (67 HRC), but may beapplied to harder materials (see 7.1.7).6. Apparatus6.1 The test apparatus used in interlaboratory tests is illus-trated in Fig. 1. A 132-cm long by 25.4-mm wide abrasive tapeis made into a continuous loop with a pressure sens
20、itiveadhesive (PSA) butt splice (Fig. 2). The web is tensioned toform a triangle with the 16-mm diameter drive spindle at theapex. The idler rolls can be of any diameter, but a convenientsize is about 50 mm radius with flanges to prevent lateralmovement of the tape. The test sample shall have the di
21、men-sions shown in Fig. 3. It is clamped or attached to thecounterbalanced loading arm with PSA foam. The loading armis pivoted on rolling element bearings. A 200 g loading mass isattached to the pivot arm and centered directly over the linecontact between the specimen and drive spindle.6.2 One idle
22、r roller must be adjustable to produce tapetension sufficient to drive the tape with spindle-to-tape slippageof less than 20 m in a one-hour test time. The drive spindleshall be 16 mm in diameter and have a total indicated run-outof less than 20 m at a rotational speed of 300 rpm.7. Test Procedure7.
23、1 Standard Test for Metals Softer than 67 HRC:7.1.1 Specimen PreparationThe test surfaces (7.6 by32 mm) should have a ground or lapped finish with a roughnessless than 0.2 m Ra. The surface lay shall be aligned with thelong axis of the test specimen. When testing molded surfaces orspecific finishes,
24、 the test samples should have the finish ofinterest on the test faces.7.1.2 CleaningCleaning is not needed if the test surfacesare untouched after the sample preparation and no lubricants,and so forth, were used in fabrication. If the surfaces arecontaminated, clean in a solvent that will not leave
25、a surfacefilm or degrade the properties of the test surface (acetone issuitable for most metals).7.1.3 WeighingIf mass change is going to be used as thetest metric, weigh the test specimen to the nearest tenth of amilligram and record this as the initial weight.7.1.4 Sample AttachmentAffix the test
26、sample to loadingarm and the 200 g-loading mass over the line where thespecimen has tangential contact with the tape.7.1.5 Belt TensioningTension the abrasive belt over thedrive spindle and idler rollers by moving idler rollers. Checkthe loop for slip with a mark on the tape and spindle. Loops areus
27、ed only once for one hour.7.1.6 Check Systems AlignmentTapered scars will result ifthe sample is not parallel to the drive spindle. Check alignmentby putting pressure sensing media on the spindle and bring thespecimen in contact with the spindle. The pressure-sensingmedium must show line contact acr
28、oss the sample width. Thinfoils (less than 25 m) can also be used to make sure that bothedges of the test sample are contacting the spindles. Put the foilbetween the spindle and the edge of the sample and pull the foilout. Repeat on the other side. Equal pull force on both sidesshows good alignment,
29、 and can be measured with a forcemeasuring device. Lock the aligned sample arm in place. Putthe loop on and tension it as in 7.1.5. Turn the tester on for 5to 10 s and lift the sample arm and check for a uniform wearscar across the sample width.FIG. 1 Schematic of Test RigG174 04 (2017)27.1.7 Testin
30、gSet the spindle rotational speed to 300 rpmand turn the tester on. Start timing or set a time on the machinepower to shut off after one hour.18 mil-thick microfinishing film was used in interlaboratory tests. It was purchased at:3M CorporationImperial Lapping Film 262LGrade 30 MIC, Mineral A/OBacki
31、ng 5 mil Size 1 by 150 by 3 in.2Scotch Magic Tape (3M Corp.) was used in interlaboratory tests33M Corp.3M Center, Building 251-2A-08St. Paul, MN 551441000 USANOTE 1Some tapes may have a release agent on the back that must be removed by abrasion followed by solvent wipe.FIG. 2 Loop Splicing DetailNOT
32、E 10.1 to 0.2 m Ra surface roughness on test surface.FIG. 3 Loop Abrasion Test SampleG174 04 (2017)3NOTE 1Some cemented carbides and other hard materials may requirea longer time to develop a measurable wear scar. Sometimes thesematerials require several one-hour test cycles with the tape changed ea
33、chhour. This is a non-standard test and is not covered by this method.7.1.8 Scar MeasurementClean wear debris from the speci-men with an acetone or alcohol wipe or other suitabletechnique. Measure the scar width in at least three places(edge-center-edge) to within 0.1 to 0.25 mm. Calculate samplewea
34、r volume using the following equation or other model forcalculating a segment of a cylinder (see Fig. 4).7.1.9 Measurement of Mass ChangeIf gravimetric mea-surement is used as the test metric, weigh the sample to 6110mg and subtract this mass from the initial mass. Take the masschange and convert it
35、 into wear volume by dividing by thedensity for the test material.NOTE 2Mass loss is usually not used on tool steels and similar hardmaterials. Scar measurement is usually more accurate.7.2 Test option for thin (50 m) hard coatings and surfacetreatments:7.2.1 TestingSet the spindle rotational speed
36、to 300 rpm,installa3maluminum oxide loop and a 100 g loading mass,and jog the machine to produce about 400 mm of loop abrasionon the specimen. Check to ensure uniform contact across thewidth of the specimen. Adjust the specimen arm if necessaryand initial the test in a new spot on the specimen. Repe
37、at thisuntil uniform marking is accomplished within 400 mm ofabrasion.7.2.2 When uniform contact is established, test the coatingor treatment until penetration just starts and terminate the test.Decade testing (1 loop pass, 10 loop passes, 100 loop passes,and 1000 loop passes) is recommended as a wa
38、y to assess whenthe coating or treatment may abrade through. If it is intact at 10loop passes, but well penetrated at 100 loop passes, thepenetration can be determined by checking for penetration at20, 30, 40, and so forth, loop passes. Penetration is determinedoptically in most cases, but etching o
39、r similar techniques mightbe needed for some surface treatments.7.2.3 Measurement for Mass ChangeSame as 7.1.9.7.2.4 Measurement of Wear Volume form Scar SizeThescar width at penetration should be measured optically 6100m and wear volume is calculated from the equation in Fig. 4.For coatings with th
40、ickness less than a few micrometres, it isrecommended that wear volume be determined by profilometryof the scar depth at the point of penetration. Take several scardepth profiles; determine the average cross-sectional area ofthe scar and multiply the average area by the scar width toobtain a scar vo
41、lume.7.2.5 Test MetricThe test metric for abrasion resistance ofcoating and surface treatments is wear volume in cubicmillimetres divided by loop passes in metres (number of passesto penetrate multiplied by 1.32 m per pass), mm3/m.7.3 Other test options are summarized in Table X1.2.8. Report8.1 Repo
42、rt the following:8.1.1 Test material including all details on manufacture,treatment, and surface texture,8.1.2 Abrasive tape used, grit size, grit material, tapethickness, and width.8.1.3 Conditions: normal force, total abrasion distance, tapespeed, number of replicates, test temperature and relativ
43、ehumidity, test metric (scar size or mass change), and8.1.4 Wear volume (average and standard deviation).FIG. 4 Scar MeasurementG174 04 (2017)49. Precision and Bias9.1 PrecisionThe precision of an individual scar measure-ment can be checked by using mass change and different waysof measuring the sca
44、r by physical measurement. If all tech-niques produce the same wear volume, the measurement willbe precise. Physical measurements usually include optical orprofilometer measurement of scar width followed by calcula-tions to yield wear volume. Profilometer software is availablefor the calculation of
45、wear from scar geometry.9.2 Repeatability and ReproducibilityThe repeatability ofthe test depends on the homogeneity of the test material, theuniformity of the test abrasive sample/spindle alignment,tape/spindle slips and environmental conditions. All of thesefactors should be kept constant. The rep
46、roducibility of this teston hard and soft steels is shown in Appendix X1. Thewithin-lab coefficient of variation was 7.5 to 12.3 %; betweenlabs was 35.6 to 43.9 %. The COV is well below 10 % in labswhere this test is in continuous use. The interlaboratory testincrease probably reflects operator diff
47、erences. The reproduc-ibility would be better if more experienced operators wereused. This test was new to some interlaboratory test collabo-rators. A standard reference material can be periodically testedto check for lot-to-lot variability in abrasive, but this has notbeen a factor in the years tha
48、t the test was in use beforestandardization. Interlaboratory test data were analyzed usingprocedures and methods outlined in ASTM standards oninterlaboratory tests: Practices E177, E178, E691, and GuideG117.9.3 BiasSince there is no reference material for determin-ing the bias of a loop abrasion res
49、istance for a material, thereis no basis upon which to determine bias.10. Keywords10.1 abrasion; abrasion resistance; abrasive wear; aluminumoxide; finishing tape; fixed abrasive; tapeAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. HARD AND SOFT STEEL RESULTS USING THE STANDARD PROCEDURE ON A LOADING MASS OF 200 gX1.1 See Table X1.1 and Table X1.2.G174 04 (2017)5TABLE X1.1 ASTM G02 Interlaboratory Test DataStatistical AnalysisAHardTestConditionsWithin-Lab Repeatability Between-Lab ReproducibilityLab #Numberof Replicat
