1、Designation: D7053/D7053M 17Standard Guide forDetermining and Evaluating Causes of Water Leakage ofLow-Sloped Roofs1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7053/D7053M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes methods for determining andevaluating causes of water leakage in low-sloped roofs. For
3、this purpose, water penetration is considered leakage andtherefore problematic, is causing or is likely to cause prematuredeterioration of the roof, building or its contents, or isadversely affecting the performance of other components of thebuilding. A roof is considered an assembly including theme
4、mbrane, insulation, vapor retarder (if required), deck, andstructural components.1.1.1 This guide excludes moisture-related problems inroofs caused by condensation.NOTE 1CondensationMoisture-related problems in roof systemsmay be caused by condensation of humid air originating from within thebuildin
5、g and be incorrectly attributed to leakage from rain water. Theprotocol for an investigation of dampness due to condensation and iscomplicated, requires special expertise, and is beyond the scope of thisguide. For information regarding condensation problems as they relate toroofs, refer to ASTM MNL
6、18,2ASTM MNL 40,3and ASHRAEHandbook 2005 Fundamentals.41.2 Investigative techniques discussed in this guide may beintrusive, disruptive, or destructive. It is the responsibility ofthe investigator to establish the limitations of use, to anticipateand advise of the destructive nature of some procedur
7、es, and toplan for repairing and selective reconstruction as necessary.1.3 This guide does not address steep-sloped roofs, standingor flat seam metal roofs, or architectural standing seam metalroofs.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard
8、. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:5C1153 Practice for Location of Wet Insulation
9、 in RoofingSystems Using Infrared ImagingD1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and WaterproofingD7186 Practice for Quality Assurance Observation of RoofConstruction and Repair3. Terminology3.1 Refer to Terminology D1079.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 condensationthe convers
10、ion of water vapor to liquidas the temperature drops or atmospheric pressure rises.3.2.2 water leakagethe passage of (liquid) water througha material or system designed to prevent the passage of water.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended to provide building professionalswith a methodolo
11、gy for evaluating water leakage throughlow-sloped roofs. It addresses the service history of a roof, thevarious components of a roof, and the interaction betweenthese components and adjacent construction. It is not intendedas a construction quality control procedure, as specified inPractice D7186, n
12、or as a preconstruction qualification proce-dure. It is intended for evaluating water leakage through alow-sloped roof.4.1.1 QualificationsUse of this guide requires a back-ground as an architect, engineer, roof/waterproofing consultant,roofing contractor, or related profession with an understanding
13、in building construction and the expertise in the design,installation, and maintenance of low-sloped roofs.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing andWaterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.20 on RoofingMembrane Systems.Current edition approv
14、ed Jan. 1, 2017. Published January 2017. Originallyapproved in 2007. Last previous version approved in 2011 as D7053/D7053M 11.DOI: 10.1520/D7053_D7053M-17.2Treschel, H. R., ed., Manual on Moisture Control in Buildings, MNL18,ASTMInternational, 1994.3Treschel, H. R., ed., Moisture Analysis and Conde
15、nsation Control in BuildingEnvelopes, MNL 40, ASTM International, 2003.4ASHRAE Handbook 2005 Fundamentals, available from American Society ofHeating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, http:/www.ashrae.org.5For referenced ASTM stan
16、dards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, P
17、A 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization
18、Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.14.1.2 ApplicationThe sequential activities describedherein are intended to produce an evaluation program, but allactivities may not be applicable or necessary for a particularevaluation program. It is the responsibility of the professionalusing this guide
19、 to determine the activities and sequencenecessary to perform an appropriate leakage evaluation for aspecific low-sloped roof on a building.4.1.3 Preliminary AssessmentA preliminary assessmentmay indicate that water leakage problems are limited to aspecific element or portion of a low-sloped roof. T
20、he evalua-tion of causes may be limited in scope, and the proceduresrecommended herein abridged according to the professionaljudgment of the investigator. A statement stipulating the limitsof the investigation should be included in the report.4.1.4 ExpectationsExpectations about the overall effec-ti
21、veness of an evaluation program must be reasonable, and inproportion to a defined scope of work. This guide is intendedto address leakage of a low-sloped roof system, leading toconclusions that can generally be applied to similar or otherlocations on the roof. Since every possible location is notinc
22、luded in an evaluation program, it is probable that everyleak source will not be identified. Leak sources that arelocalized and unique may remain, and require specific andlocalized evaluation effort.4.2 This guide is not intended as a design guide. Referenceis made to design features of a low-sloped
23、 roof only for thepurpose of identifying items of interest for consideration in theevaluation process.4.3 This guide does not address leakage through walls notassociated with roof construction, fenestration, or leakagebelow-grade. It is not intended for use with structures designedto retain water, s
24、uch as pools, fountains, and vegetative roofs.SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO AN EVALUATION5. Overview5.1 The methodology presented in this guide is intended toprovide a systematic approach to evaluating roof leaks, and isapplicable to any low-sloped roof system. The sequence ofactivities is intended to lead
25、 to an accumulation of informationin an orderly and efficient manner, so that each step enhancesand supplements the information gathered in the precedingstep.5.1.1 Sequence of ActivitiesThe recommended sequenceof activities, discussed in individual sections below are:5.1.1.1 Review of project docume
26、nts.5.1.1.2 Evaluation of original roof design concept.5.1.1.3 Determination and review of service history.5.1.1.4 Inspection.5.1.1.5 Investigative testing.5.1.1.6 Analysis.5.1.1.7 Report preparation.5.2 Analysis and InterpretationThe information gatheredduring a leakage evaluation is analyzed as it
27、 is acquired. It isnot the intent of this guide to imply that the analysis andinterpretation of the information occurs only at the completionof all activities.6. Review of Project Documents6.1 Ideally, project documents, including roof componentshop drawings, will be available and accessible for rev
28、iew. Thediscussion in this section assumes that a project was organizedon a conventional owner/design professional/contractor model.Projects can be delivered in various ways, and the method usedwill dictate the appropriate organization of the project docu-ments. The information discussed below shoul
29、d be availablefor review somewhere in the project documents.6.1.1 Design, Bidding, and Contract DocumentsThesedocuments include architectural and engineering drawings,specifications, and may include correspondence, meetingminutes, addenda, substitution proposals, product literature,test reports, sur
30、vey reports prepared by others, shop drawings,and so forth. They contain the information necessary tounderstand the performance criteria, the design intent,materials, and relationships among the roof components.6.1.1.1 Documents may be revised or supplemented overthe course of construction. Revision
31、s to drawings are typicallyrecorded by number and date, with a cross reference to otheraccompanying documents. Reviewing all revisions and under-standing the differences between them and the reason for thedifferences is part of the evaluation.6.1.1.2 Documents with the most recent issue date and the
32、highest revision number establish the requirements for theproject. A set of documents marked “as-built” or “record set”are intended to show the actual construction and may beavailable.6.2 Referenced Codes and StandardsProject documentsusually contain references to regulatory codes, industrystandards
33、, or manufacturer installation requirements.Standards, referenced codes, and manufacturer informationoften contain default or minimum criteria to establish theperformance criteria for the roof. Conflicts between the refer-enced documents and those stated in the project documentsshould not be assumed
34、 to be a cause of leakage without furtherinvestigation.6.2.1 Regulatory codes, industry standards, and manufac-turer installation requirements change over time. The versionof these documents examined as part of the review of projectdocuments should be those listed with dates in the projectdocuments,
35、 or if not listed with dates, those in effect when thebuilding permit was issued.6.3 SubmittalsAdditional documents are generated afterthe award of contracts and are submitted to the designprofessional for review and inclusion in the project record. Thesubmittals usually apply to a specific material
36、, component,assembly, or installation method, and the information con-tained will augment the project documents. There can be anumber of revisions to submittals prior to final approval. Thestandard for the project is set by the submittals approved by thedesign professional. Submittals can include sh
37、op drawings, testreports, product literature, manufacturers recommendations,installation and maintenance guidelines, warranties, etc.6.3.1 Test reports provided by manufacturers and suppliersshould have been performed by an independent laboratory orwitnessed by an independent agency (if requested by
38、 theD7053/D7053M 172customer). Review the test dates and the description of whatwas tested to determine if and how the information actuallyapplies to the project.6.3.2 Manufacturers and suppliers information, and theexclusionary language in warranties, may suggest circum-stances under which one or m
39、ore of the components may notfunction properly. Project conditions should be evaluated todetermine if an appropriate product selection had been made.6.3.3 Submittals should be reviewed for maintenance rec-ommendations and guidelines.6.4 Pre-Qualification and Mock-Up ReportsCompliancewith specific pr
40、oject requirements may have been demon-strated by a mock-up test. The mock-up report should containa clear and complete description of changes necessary to passthe test. Project documents should incorporate these changes,and they should be reflected in the actual construction. Failureto incorporate
41、these changes should be considered as a possiblecause of water leakage.6.5 Additional Construction DocumentsAdditional con-struction documents that record changes, decisions, and activi-ties during the construction phase may include bulletins,requests for information (RFI), clarifications, change or
42、ders,directives, progress photos, inspection and quality assurancereports, test reports, meeting minutes, and correspondence. Theinformation in these documents may modify or supersede thedesign documents.6.6 Local PracticesAn understanding of local practiceswill permit a thorough assessment of the p
43、roject roof designand construction. The actual construction may be influenced inan undocumented manner by local practices.6.7 Missing DocumentsProject documents may be un-available or have missing parts. This situation will require thedetermination of existing and as-built conditions. The informa-ti
44、on may need to be generated from observations and measure-ments of the building.7. Evaluation of Design Concept7.1 Design ConceptReview of the project documentsshould reveal what requirements had been specified for theroof.7.2 Effcacy of the DesignThe design shall include prop-erly selected componen
45、ts. The details must provide for theinterfacing and integration of components so that each one canperform collectively and function as a system. The details mustalso address issues such as construction tolerances, materialcompatibilities, terminations, penetrations, and building move-ment. A careful
46、 evaluation of the design will indicate incon-sistencies that may contribute to leakage.7.3 ExposureBased on an analysis of local weather con-ditions and the location and geometry of the building, identifythe actual weather conditions during periods of leakage. Theseconditions can be correlated with
47、 service history, described inthe next section, to help establish a protocol for the evaluationprocess.8. Determination of Service History8.1 Gathering information on the service history related toleakage problems serves two purposes. First, patterns in theobserved leakage and visible damage can pro
48、vide an indicationof the cause(s) and where to focus an investigation. Second, theinformation provides a checklist against which failure theoriesand conclusions can be evaluated. A comprehensive diagnosticprogram should result in an explanation for most, if not all,aspects of the observed leaks and
49、damage.8.1.1 Document Physical Symptoms of Leaks:8.1.1.1 Make a detailed visual inspection of both the interiorand exterior. Locations that should be checked for indicationsof leakage include but are not limited to:(1) Intersection of the roof with walls, parapets, and curbs.(2) Perimeter gravel stops.(3) Roof drains, overflow drains, and scuppers.(4) Base flashing.(5) Roof slope.(6) Mechanical units.(7) Curbs and equipment rails.(8) Expansion joints.(9) Field seams and laps.(10) Punctures, splits, or tears in membrane or flashing.(11) Utility and
