1、Designation: D6082 12 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Test Method forHigh Temperature Foaming Characteristics of LubricatingOils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6082; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes the procedure for determin-ing the foaming characteristics of lubricating oils (
3、specificallytransmission fluid and motor oil) at 150 C.1.2 Foaming characteristics of lubricating oils at tempera-tures up to 93.5 C are determined by Test Method D892 or IP146.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.3.1 ExceptionThe values given in parentheses are pro-vide
4、d for information only.1.4 WARNINGMercury has been designated by manyregulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury an
5、dmercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAswebsitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor addi-tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercuryand/or mercury containing products into your state or countrymay be prohibite
6、d by law.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 Th
7、is international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade
8、 (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D892 Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubricat-ing OilsE128 Test Method for Maximum Pore Diameter and Perme-ability of Rigid Porous Filters for Laboratory UseE1272 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Cylin-ders2.2 Energy
9、Institute Standards:3IP 146 Standard Method of Test for Foaming Characteristicsof Lubricating Oils3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 diffuser, nfor gas, a device for dispersing gas into aliquid (Test Method D892).3.1.1.1 DiscussionAlthough diffusers can be made ofeither metallic or non-metallic mat
10、erials, in this test method thediffuser is sintered stainless steel.3.1.2 entrained air (or gas), nin liquids, a two-phasemixture of air (or gas) dispersed in a liquid in which the liquidis the major component on a volumetric basis.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe air (or gas) is in the form ofdiscrete bubbles
11、 of about 10 m to 1000 m in diameter. Thebubbles are not uniformly dispersed. In time, they rise to thesurface to coalesce to form larger bubbles which break or formfoam. Subsurface coalescence can also occur, in which case,the bubbles will rise more rapidly.3.1.3 foam, nin liquids, a collection of
12、bubbles formed inor on the surface of a liquid in which the air or gas is the majorcomponent on a volumetric basis.3.1.4 gas, na fluid (such as air) that has neither indepen-dent shape nor volume but tends to expand indefinitely.3.1.5 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that redu
13、ces friction or wear between them.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.06 on Analysis of Liquid Fuels and Lubricants.Current edition approved July 1, 2017. Published Ju
14、ly 2017. Originally approvedin 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D6082 12. DOI: 10.1520/D6082-12R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to th
15、e standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard
16、was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.1.5.1 Di
17、scussionIn this test method, the lubricant is anoil which may or may not contain additives such as foaminhibitors.3.1.6 maximum pore diameter, nin gas diffusion, thediameter of a capillary of circular cross-section which isequivalent (with respect to surface tension effects) to thelargest pore of th
18、e diffuser under consideration. The poredimension is expressed in micrometers (m).3.1.7 permeability, n in gas diffusion, the rate of asubstance that passes through a material (diffuser) under givenconditions.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bottom volume, nthe volume of liqu
19、id sample, thatis, sample substantially free of air, at any given time during thetest.3.2.2 collapse time, nin foam testing, the time in seconds,for zero foam to appear after the air is disconnected at the endof the five minute air blowing time.3.2.3 dynamic bubble, nthe first bubble to pass through
20、and escape from the diffuser followed by a continuous succes-sion of bubbles when testing for the pore diameter in AnnexA1.3.2.3.1 DiscussionWhen a diffuser is immersed in a liquidsuch as propan-2-ol, air can be trapped in the pores. It canescape eventually or as soon as a pressure is applied to the
21、diffuser. When testing for pore diameter (Annex A1), theescape of such bubbles is to be ignored.3.2.4 foam stability, nin foam testing, the amount of staticfoam remaining at specified times following the disconnectingof the air supply.3.2.4.1 five-second foam stability, nthe amount of staticfoam pre
22、sent 5 s after disconnecting the air supply.3.2.4.2 fifteen-second foam stability, nthe amount of staticfoam present 15 s after disconnecting the air supply.3.2.4.3 one-minute foam stability, nthe amount of staticfoam present 1 min after disconnecting the air supply.3.2.4.4 five-minute foam stabilit
23、y, nthe amount of staticfoam present 5 min after disconnecting the air supply.3.2.4.5 ten-minute foam stability, nthe amount of staticfoam present 10 min after disconnecting the air supply.3.2.5 foaming tendency, nin foam testing, the amount ofstatic foam immediately before the cessation of air flow
24、.3.2.6 kinetic foam, nentrained air that has been created bythe passage of air through the diffuser during the test (see Fig.1).3.2.6.1 DiscussionBecause the process of passing airthrough the diffuser and the oil sample during the test hasresulted in an increase in volume and because such entraineda
25、ir can be considered as foam on its way to being made, theterm kinetic foam has been introduced.3.2.7 percent volume increase, nin foam testing, the in-crease in total volume expressed as a percentage of the initialtotal volume with diffuser in place at test temperature.3.2.8 static foam, nfoam that
26、 has been created by thepassage of air through the diffuser during the test (see Fig. 1).3.2.9 top volume, nthe volume of the foam (if any), liquid,diffuser, and the submersed portion of the delivery tube (seeFig. 1).FIG. 1 Terminology DiagramD6082 12 (2017)23.2.10 total volume, n in foam testing, t
27、he volume offoam, liquid, diffuser, and submersed portion of delivery tube(see Fig. 1).3.2.10.1 initial total volume (V1), nin foam testing, thevolume of the foam, liquid, diffuser, and submersed portion ofthe delivery tube at test temperature prior to connecting the airsupply.3.2.10.2 final total v
28、olume (V2), nin foam testing, thevolume of the foam, liquid, diffuser, and submersed portion ofthe delivery tube just before disconnecting the air supply.3.2.11 zero foam, nin foam testing, occurs when anyportion of the top surface of the liquid is free of bubbles.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A meas
29、ured quantity of sample is heated to 49 C for30 min and allowed to cool to room temperature. The sample istransferred to a 1000 mL graduated cylinder, heated to 150 C,and aerated at 200 mLmin with dry air for 5 min with a metaldiffuser. The amount of foam generated before disconnectingthe air, the a
30、mount of static foam at optional times afterdisconnecting the air (list of options in Section 10); and thetime for the foam to collapse are measured and the percentincrease in total volume calculated.5. Significance and Use5.1 The tendency of oils to foam at high temperature can bea serious problem
31、in systems such as high-speed gearing, highvolume pumping, and splash lubrication. Foaming can causeinadequate lubrication, cavitation, and loss of lubricant due tooverflow, and these events can lead to mechanical failure.5.2 Correlation between the amount of foam created or thetime for foam to coll
32、apse, or both, and actual lubrication failurehas not been established. Such relations should be empiricallydetermined for foam sensitive applications.6. Apparatus6.1 Heating Bath, any heating system capable of maintain-ing a sample temperature of 150 C 6 1 C (see Fig. 2).NOTE 1The precision of this
33、test method was determined using onlyliquid baths.6.1.1 Heating Transfer Fluid, any liquid with low volatility,at the test temperature, chemical stability and sufficient lowviscosity to permit stirring.NOTE 2A4 mm2/s to 7 mm2/s (cSt) polyalphaolefin has been found tobe a suitable fluid. Silicone flu
34、ids are foam inhibitors and their use mayalter the foam characteristics of the test sample and should be discouraged.NOTE 3Aslow purge of nitrogen gas through the fluid, or as a blanketFIG. 2 Typical Liquid BathD6082 12 (2017)3over the bath fluid, reduces darkening (oxidation) of the bath fluid.6.2
35、Foaming Test Apparatus, 1000 mL graduated cylinder(of cylinders meeting Specification E1272 Class B tolerancerequirement of 66 mL and having at least graduations of10 mL), fitted with a device to overcome buoyancy if a liquidbath is used and modified to have a circular top. It shall becapable of wit
36、hstanding the extreme temperature conditions ofthis test method.NOTE 4It may be necessary to confirm the volume of the cylinder.NOTE 5A heavy metal ring large enough to fit over the outside andrest on the bottom of the cylinder has been found to be suitable toovercome buoyancy.NOTE 6Graduated cylind
37、ers having a pouring spout can be preparedfor this test method by making a horizontal cut below the spout andremoving the part above the cut. The cut edges of the cylinder should befire-polished or smoothed by grinding.6.3 Flow Meter and Regulator, calibrated and capable ofmaintaining air flow volum
38、e of 200 mLmin 6 5 mLmin.6.3.1 Agas volume meter graduated in hundredths of a litre,or a technically equivalent flow measuring device, with suffi-cient capacity to measure a flow rate of at least 6000 mLmin,while generating a back pressure of no more than 10 mm ofwater, is required.6.4 Laboratory Ov
39、en, without fan, capable of maintaining49 C 6 1 C.6.5 Stirrer, capable of 500 rmin 6 100 rmin, fitted with a3.81 cm, 3-blade, 1.5-pitch marine propeller.6.6 Stainless Steel Diffuser, 5 m stainless steel diffusermeeting the specifications of pore size 15 m to 60 m andpermeability between 3000 mLmin t
40、o 6000 mLmin whentested according to the method given in AnnexA1 (see Fig. 3).6.6.1 Calibration verification of new diffusers and calibra-tion after each set (10 samples or less) of evaluations isrequired.6.7 Thermometer, or other temperature sensing device ca-pable of measuring 150 C 6 0.2 C.6.7.1
41、Digital thermometers with a minimum accuracy of0.1 % of reading 0.5 C (1 F) with 0.1 resolution throughoutFIG. 3 Gas Diffuser and Air Tube DimensionsD6082 12 (2017)4range, and J, K, and T type thermocouples probe stylecompatible have been found suitable for operation with eitherliquid or air foam ba
42、ths.6.7.2 A low noise iron-constantan J type thermocoupleprobe 457 mm (18 in.) in length, constructed of a 304 s/ssheath, with a glass-filled nylon connector body rated from29 C to 220 C immersed in the sample at a minimum of100 mm has been found suitable for operation with eitherliquid or air foam
43、baths.6.8 Timing Device, capable of measuring minutes and sec-onds (61 s).6.9 High Speed Blender, with a container capacity of onelitre, capable of maintaining a speed of 22 000 rmin (62000).7. Reagents7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicate
44、d, it is intended thatall reagents conform to the specifications of the Committee onAnalytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society wheresuch specifications are available.4Other grades may be used,provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficientlyhigh purity to permit its use
45、without lessening the accuracy ofthe determination.7.2 Acetone, (WarningExtremely flammable. Vaporsmay cause flash fire.)7.3 Compressed Air, hydrocarbon free and dry to a dewpoint of 60 C or lower.7.4 Heptane, (WarningFlammable. Vapor harmful.)7.5 Propan-2-ol, (WarningFlammable. Vapor harmful.)7.6 T
46、oluene, (WarningFlammable. Vapor harmful.)NOTE 7Solvents with equivalent cleaning characteristics can besubstituted for toluene.8. Hazards8.1 (WarningUsers of this test method shall be fullytrained and familiar with all normal laboratory practice, orunder the immediate supervision of such a person.
47、It is theresponsibility of the operator to ensure that all local legislativeand statutory requirements are met.)8.2 (WarningCleaning solvents have flash points lowerthan usual laboratory ambient temperatures. Avoid the possi-bility of a fire or explosion.)8.3 (WarningThe fumes from the test oil and
48、bath mustbe vented in a manner compatible with local environmentalregulations.)8.4 (WarningSome apparatus assemblies can have asmuch as 20 L of bath oil at 150 C. Therefore, in the event ofa breakage of the containing vessel, suitable containment of thespill is advisable.)9. Preparation of Apparatus
49、9.1 Thorough cleansing of the test cylinder, gas diffuser, andair-inlet tube is essential after each use to remove any additiveremaining from previous tests which can seriously interferewith results of subsequent tests.9.1.1 CylinderRinse the cylinder with heptane(WarningFlammable.Vapor harmful), followed by directinga current of compressed air into the cylinder. Wash the cylinderwith a suitable detergent. Rinse the cylinder in turn withdistilled water, then acetone (Warn
