1、Designation: C1615/C1615M 17Standard Guide forMechanical Drive Systems for Remote Operation in Hot CellFacilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1615/C1615M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Intent:1.1.1 The intent of this standard is to provide generalguidelines for the design, selection, quality a
3、ssurance,installation, operation, and maintenance of mechanical drivesystems used in remote hot cell environments. The termmechanical drive systems used herein, encompasses all indi-vidual components used for imparting motion to equipmentsystems, subsystems, assemblies, and other components. It also
4、includes complete positioning systems and individual units thatprovide motive power and any position indicators necessary tomonitor the motion.1.2 Applicability:1.2.1 This standard is intended to be applicable to equip-ment used under one or more of the following conditions:1.2.1.1 The materials han
5、dled or processed constitute asignificant radiation hazard to man or to the environment.1.2.1.2 The equipment will generally be used over a long-term life cycle (for example, in excess of two years), butequipment intended for use over a shorter life cycle is notexcluded.1.2.1.3 The equipment can nei
6、ther be accessed directly forpurposes of operation or maintenance, nor can the equipmentbe viewed directly, for example, without radiation shieldingwindows, periscopes, or a video monitoring system (GuidesC1572 and C1661).1.2.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regard
7、ed separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 User Caveats:1.3.1 This standard is not a substitute for ap
8、plied engineer-ing skills, proven practices and experience. Its purpose is toprovide guidance.1.3.1.1 The guidance set forth in this standard relating todesign of equipment is intended only to alert designers andengineers to those features, conditions, and procedures thathave been found necessary or
9、 highly desirable to the design,selection, operation and maintenance of mechanical drivesystems for the subject service conditions.1.3.1.2 The guidance set forth results from discoveries ofconditions, practices, features, or lack of features that werefound to be sources of operational or maintenance
10、 problems, orcauses of failure.1.3.2 This standard does not supersede federal or stateregulations, or both, and codes applicable to equipment underany conditions.1.3.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the
11、 user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices, and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decisio
12、n on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 Industry and National Consensus StandardsNationally recognized industry and consensus standards whic
13、hmay be applicable in whole or in part to the design, selection,quality insurance, installation, operation, and maintenance ofequipment are referenced throughout this standard and includethe following:2.2 ASTM Standards:2ASTM/IEEE SI-10 Standard for Use of the InternationalSystem of UnitsC859 Termin
14、ology Relating to Nuclear MaterialsC1533 Guide for General Design Considerations for HotCell Equipment1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear FuelCycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.14 on Remote Systems.Current edition approved July 15, 2017. Pub
15、lished August 2017. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as C1615 10. DOI:10.1520/C1615_C1615M-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informatio
16、n, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization es
17、tablished in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1C1554 Guide for Materials Handling Equipment for HotCellsC1572 Guide for Dry Lead Glass and Oil-Filled
18、 Lead GlassRadiation Shielding Window Components for RemotelyOperated FacilitiesC1661 Guide for Viewing Systems for Remotely OperatedFacilities2.3 Other Standards:NEMA MG1 Motors and Generators3AGMA 390.0 American Gear Manufacturers Association,Gear Handbook4ANS Design Guides for Radioactive Materia
19、l HandlingFacilities and Equipment5ASME B17.1 Keys and Keyseats6NLGI American Standard Classification of LubricatingGrease7ASME NOG-1 American Society of Mechanical EngineersCommittee on Cranes for Nuclear Facilities Rules forConstruction of Overhead and Gantry Cranes6ANSI/ASME NQA-1 Quality Assuran
20、ce Requirements forNuclear Facility Applications8ANSI/ISO/ASQ Q9001 Quality Management Standard Re-quirements8NCRP Report No. 82 SI Units in Radiation Protection andMeasurements9ICRU Report 10b Physical Aspects of Irradiation10CERN 70-5 Effects of Radiation on Materials and Compo-nents112.4 Federal
21、Standards and Regulations:1210CFR 830.120, Subpart A Nuclear Safety ManagementQuality Assurance Requirements10CFR 50 Quality Assurance Criteria for Nuclear PowerPlants and Fuel Reprocessing Plants40CFR 260-279 Solid Waste Regulations Resource Con-servation and Recovery Act (RCRA)3. Terminology3.1 Ge
22、neral Considerations:3.1.1 The terminology employed in this standard conformswith industry practice insofar as practicable.3.1.2 For definitions of general terms used to describenuclear materials, hot cells, and hot cell equipment, refer toTerminology C859.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 encoders, nfor the pu
23、rpose of this standard, aremeasuring devices that detect changes in rotary or linearmotion, direction of movement, and relative position byproducing electrical signals using sensors and an optical disk.3.2.2 inert gas, na type of commercial grade moisture freegas, usually argon or nitrogen that is p
24、resent in the hot cell.3.2.3 linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), natransducer for linear displacement measurement that convertsmechanical motion into an electrical signal that can bemetered, recorded, or transmitted.3.2.4 mechanical drive systems, nrefers to but is notlimited to motors,
25、 gears, resolvers, encoders, bearings,couplings, bushings, lubricants, solenoids, shafts, pneumaticcylinders, and lead screws.3.2.5 resolvers, nfor the purpose of this standard, arerotational position measuring devices that are essentially rotarytransformers with secondary windings on the rotor and
26、stator atright angles to the other windings.4. Significance and Use4.1 Mechanical drive systems operability and long-termintegrity are concerns that should be addressed primarilyduring the design phase; however, problems identified duringfabrication and testing should be resolved and the changes int
27、he design documented. Equipment operability and integritycan be compromised during handling and installation se-quences. For this reason, the subject equipment should behandled and installed under closely controlled and supervisedconditions.4.2 This standard is intended as a supplement to otherstand
28、ards, and to federal and state regulations, codes, andcriteria applicable to the design of equipment intended for thisuse.4.3 This standard is intended to be generic and to apply to awide range of types and configurations of mechanical drivesystems.5. Quality Assurance and Quality Requirements5.1 Th
29、e owner-operator should administer a quality assur-ance program approved by the agency of jurisdiction. QAprograms may be required to comply with 10CFR 50, Appen-dix B, 10CFR 830.120, Subpart A, ASME NQA-1, or ISOQ9001.5.2 The owner-operator should require appropriate qualityassurance of purchased m
30、echanical drive systems and compo-nents to assure proper fit up, operation and reliability of theequipment in the hot cell.6. General Requirements6.1 For safe and efficient operation, a minimum number ofmechanical drive system components should be placed in a hotcell. Unnecessary equipment in a cell
31、 adds to the cost of3Available from National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 1300N. 17th St., Suite 1752, Rosslyn, VA 22209, http:/www.nema.org.4Available from American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA), 500Montgomery St., Suite 350, Alexandria, VA 22314-1581, http:/www.agma.org.5Av
32、ailable from ANS, 555 North Kensington Avenue, LaGrange Park, Ilinois60526.6Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.7Available from NLGI, 4635 Wyondotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64112.8A
33、vailable from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.9Available from National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements,7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD 20814-309510Available from International Commission on
34、Radiation Units andMeasurements, Inc., 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD 20814-3095.11Available from CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211, Geneva 23, Switzerland.12Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent ofDocuments, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail
35、Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401,http:/www.access.gpo.gov.C1615/C1615M 172operating and maintaining the cell and adds to the eventualdecontamination and disposal costs of hot cell equipment. Athorough review of the mechanical drive systems necessary toperform the hot cell operations should be perform
36、ed prior tointroducing the equipment into the hot cell.6.2 All hot cell equipment should be handled with extremecare during transfers and installation sequences to ensureagainst collision damage.6.3 Installation should be planned and sequenced so thatother equipment is not handled above and around p
37、reviouslyinstalled components to the extent practicable.6.4 Principles of good modular design and standardizationshould be considered for maintainability of equipment duringits design life. Determination should be made early in thedesign at which level of subassembly the equipment will bedisassemble
38、d and replaced if necessary. The optimal level isstrongly influenced by the estimated maintenance time andassociated cell down time costs, radiation exposure topersonnel, and disposal costs for the failed subassembly.Design with standardized fasteners and other components tolimit the inventory of to
39、ols needed for maintenance. Useprudent judgement in the selection of fastening materials toavoid galling problems, especially when using stainless steelfasteners.6.5 Equipment intended for use in hot cells should be testedand qualified in a mock-up facility prior to installation in thehot cell. C153
40、36.6 Where possible, electrical and instrumentation controls,readouts, and alarms for mechanical drive systems should belocated outside of the hot cell.6.7 Consideration should be given to the materials ofconstruction for hot cell equipment and their ultimate disposalper RCRA jurisdiction. 40CFR260-
41、2797. Materials of Construction7.1 Plastics, elastomers, resins, bonding agents, solid statedevices, wire insulation, thermal insulation materials, paints,coatings, and other materials are subject to radiation damageand possible failure. Not all such materials and componentscan be excluded from serv
42、ice in the subject environment. Theiruse should be carefully considered for their particular applica-tion and material qualification testing under expected condi-tions prior to use should also be considered.7.2 Alpha and beta irradiation can severely and rapidlydamage sensitive components when they
43、are exposed to theradiation source. Special consideration should be given tomaterial selection in applications where the equipment isexposed to alpha or beta radiation.7.3 The method of replacement, the ease of replacement,and/or the substitution of more radiation resistant materialsshould be consid
44、ered for components having materials subjectto radiation damage.7.4 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) should be avoided sinceit degrades rapidly in radiation environments.7.5 Polyetheretherketone is a recommended plastic materialfor seals, valve seats, and other applications because of itsresistance to
45、 beta and gamma radiation.8. Equipment Selection8.1 General:8.1.1 Mechanical drive system components should be se-lected based on their operability and reliability in a highradiation or high contamination environment, or be modified ina way that will extend the equipment service life or ease of use.
46、The installation position, the orientation, and the attachmentmethods should be such as to simplify removal and replace-ment of mechanical equipment susceptible to periodic mainte-nance or unpredictable failure.8.2 Motors:8.2.1 General:8.2.1.1 A variety of motors may be used in a high radiationhot c
47、ell environment. More than one type of motor may workfor the same application. Motor selection depends on manyfactors, such as the required speed, torque or horsepower,physical frame size, voltage requirements, enclosure type,mounting requirements, bearing type, service factor, and dutycycle. The lo
48、ngevity of a motor in a hot cell environmentdepends on several variables such as the hot cell atmosphere,the amount of moisture and corrosive fumes in the atmosphere,the quality of the motor, the materials of construction, and theradiation exposure to the motor.8.2.1.2 Motors smaller than 7500 watts
49、 10 horsepower areusually pre-lubricated at the factory and will operate for longperiods of time under normal service conditions withoutrequiring periodic lubrication. The bearings of larger motorshowever, may require periodic lubrication using high-qualitygrease with a consistency suitable for the motors insulationclass. Motors with sealed-for-life lubricated bearings are pre-ferred over motors that require periodic lubrication. Refer tothe section on lubrication for lubricants recommended for hotcell applications, 8.5 and Fig. 1.8.2.1.3 Capacitor start,
