1、2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试英语（上海卷带解析） 其他 Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 【小题 1】我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。 (accustomed) 【小题 2】将来过怎样的生活取决于你自己。 (be up to) 【小题 3】没有什么比获准参加太空旅行项目更令人兴奋的了。 (than) 【小题 4】家长嘱咐孩子别在河边嬉戏，以免遭遇不测。 (for fear) 【小题 5】虽然现代社会物资丰富，给予消费者更多的选择，但
2、也使不少人变成购物狂。 (turn) 答案： 【小题 1】 Im accustomed to listening to some light music before sleep. 【小题 2】 Its up to you what kind of life will lead in the future. 【小题 3】 There is nothing more exciting than being allowed to take part in the space travel programme. 【小题 4】 Parents ask their kids not to play by
3、 the river for fear that something terrible might happen. 【小题 5】 While modern society, rich in material resources,has given consumers more choice, it turns many of them into crazy shoppers. 试题分析： 【小题 1】翻译这句话的时候，注意词组： be accustomed to doing“习惯于做 ” 。 【小题 2】这句话使用了句型： Its up to you +从句， “做 . 由某人决定 ”。这里w
4、hat kind of life will lead in the future.是主语从句， it是形式主语。 【小题 3】这句话使用了 There be句型， nothing 后面是形容词做定语，因为是比较的含义用形容词的比较级 more exciting，还有词组 “被允许做 ”be allowed to ，以及词组 “参加 ”： take part in 。 【小题 4】这句话使用了 for fear that 引导目的状语从句，和词组 “让某人不要做 ”ask sb. not to do. 【小题 5】这句话使用了连词 While 表示 “尽管，虽然 ”。词组 “富含 ”be ric
5、h in ，主句中使用了词组 turn. into .“ 将 变成 ” 。 考点：考查翻译句子 More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity work. Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy proj
6、ects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works. Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their
7、 behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation. So, companies often responded by trying to
8、 manage the risks. They talk to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct（行为准则 ) and devote themselves to more transparency（透明） in their operations. Increasingly, too. they, along with their competitors, set common rules to spread risks. All this is largely de
9、fensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a companys competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thin
10、g chief executives like to hear. The idea of doing well by doing good has become popular. Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you measure CSR performance Should you be cooperating with NGOs and youre your competitors Is there any really
11、competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively har
12、mful. Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue（美德）： it is just good business. (Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS) 【小题 1】 Both _ in some companies find it no longer e
13、nough to simply donate money to charities. 【小题 2】 Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage. 【小题 3】 With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to_. 【小题 4】 According to the passage, good business (paragraph 6) means that corporations
14、 _ while making profits. 答案： 【小题 1】 Shareholders and employees 【小题 2】 Companies talk to non-government organizations(NGOs) and to governments./Companies create codes of conduct. /Companies devote themselves to more transparency in their operations./Companies set common rules with their competitors t
15、o spread risks. 【小题 3】 Create value 【小题 4】 take social responsibilities 试题分析：文章介绍现在很多公司管理的 CSR的三层管理，旨在创办一个既能盈利又有社会责任的公司。 【小题 1】细节题：根据文章第一段的最后的句子： But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to
16、good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.可知股份持有者和职员发现只是简单的将钱捐给慈善机关是不够的，所以填 Shareholders and employees。 【小题 2】细节题 ：根据第三段的内容：可知公司会采取下列防御措施应对危机：和非政府组织和政府谈话： Companies talk to non-government organizations(NGOs) and to governments./公司创造行为准则： Companies create codes of conduct. /公
17、司在经营的时候更加透明： Companies devote themselves to more transparency in their operations./公司和竞争者一起设置共同的规定 。Companies set common rules with their competitors to spread risks. 【小题 3】细节题：根据第四段的句子， The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value.可知第三层的管理 CSR是强调机
18、遇，旨在创造价值，所以填 Create value。 【小题 4】推理题：根据第六段的前面两句话， Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities.可知好的公司既要能盈利也要有社会责任。填 take social responsibilities 考点：考查阅读表达 完型填空 Research ha
19、s shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films weve just watched or books weve just finished reading, but plain and simple _. Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we
20、 _ do with it We gossip. About others behaviour and private lives, such as whos doing what with whom, whos in and whos out-and why; how to deal with difficult _ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues. So why are we keen on gossiping Are we just natural _, of both time and words Or do
21、we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life Its not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really_issues. Du
22、nbar _ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that langu
23、age evolved among women. We dont spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar_, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip. Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the _ of the higher primates（灵长类动物） like monkeys. By means of groo
24、ming-cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or_ from outside it. As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar _ that at one time in our hi
25、story we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the _ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to _ the pressure and calm everybody down. But as the groups got bigger a
26、nd bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be _ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more _ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging infor
27、mation over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one _ contact. 【小题1】 A claim B description C gossip D language A occasionally B habitually C independently D originally A social B political C historical D cultural A admirers B masters C users D wasters A vital B sensitive
28、C ideal D difficult A confirms B rejects C outlines D broadens A for instance B in addition C on the contrary D as a result A motivation B appearance C emotion D behaviour A attack B contact C inspection D assistance A recalls B denies C concludes D confesses A prospect B responsibility C leadership
29、 D protection A measure B show C maintain D ease A saved B extended C consumed D gained A common B efficient C scientific D Thoughtful A indirect B daily C physical D secret 答案： 【小题 1】 C 【小题 2】 B 【小题 3】 A 【小题 4】 D 【小题 5】 A 【小题 6】 B 【小题 7】 C 【小题 8】 D 【小题 9】 A 【小题 10】 C 【小题 11】 D 【小题 12】 D 【小题 13】 B 【
30、小题 14】 B 【小题 15】 C 试题分析：研究表明人们的语言大多数不是重大的话题讨论和研究，而很多是闲言碎语，这些闲言碎语是不是浪费时间呢， Robin Dunbar教授不是这样认为的，他认为闲言碎语是非常重要的，是人类发展过程中非常重要的交流形式。 【小题 1】 C 考查名词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是： A.宣称 ,B.描述， C.闲话，D.语言，根据上文的句子：可知我们人类的大多数对话不是文化的，政治的问题，也不是关于电影和树的讨论，而就是简单的闲言碎语， Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is take
31、n up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films weve just watched or books weve just finished reading下文多次出现 gossip这个词，所以选 C。 【小题 2】 B考查副词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是： A.偶然地， B.习惯地， C.独立地， D.最初地，根据上一句， Language is our greatest treasure as a species,语言是我们做为一个
32、物种的最伟大的财宝，我们习惯怎么使用它？所以选 B。 【小题 3】 A考查形容词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是： A.社交的， B.政治的，C.历史的， D.文化的，根据下文的： involving children, lovers, and colleagues.包括孩子，爱人和同事这些都是社会形势，所以选 A. 【小题 4】 D考查名词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是： A.仰慕者， B.主人， C.使用者， D.浪费者，根据上文， So why are we keen on gossiping 我们为什么喜欢说些闲言碎语，因为我们是时间和语言的浪费者吗？所以选 D。 【小题 5】 A考查形容词辨析
33、。四个选项的含义分别是： A.至关重要的， B.敏感的， C.理想的， D.困难的，根据上文的介绍， Its not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar.可知 Robin Dunbar教授不认为我们是浪费时间，而认为闲言碎语是最重要的事情，所以选 A。 【小题 6】 B考查动词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是： A.证实， B.反对， C. 概述，略述，画轮廓，打草图 D.拓宽，根据上下文可知 Robin Dunbar教授是反对传统的关于语言是在人类社会发展初期在组织打猎的时候发展起来的这个观点，所以选 B。 【小题 7】 C考查词组辨析。四个选
34、项的含义分别是： A.例如， B.此外， C.相反的， D.因此，根据上文的句子： Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We dont spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk,可知：正相反的是，语言进化是是让我们说些闲言碎语的，所以选 C。 【小题 8】 D考查名词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是： A.动机， B.外表，出现，C. 情感， D.行为，根据下文的描述 By means of grooming可知教授是通过研究灵长类动物的行为
35、得出这个令人高兴的 理论的，所以选 D。 【小题 9】 A考查名词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是： A.进攻， B.联系， C.视察，D.帮助，根据上文的 conflict可知猴子和其他的个体形成群体来获得在内部冲突事件中或来自外界的进攻时的支持，所以选 A。 【小题 10】 C考查动词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是： A.回想， B.否认， C.下结论，结束， D. .承认，聆听（某人的）忏悔，这句话的意思是：教授下结论说，我们在历史上做过相似的事情，所以选 C。 【小题 11】 D考查名词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是： A. .前景，期望，眺望处，景象， B.责任， C.领导， D.保护，根据下文的
36、： on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others.可知因为群体越大，获得的保护就越大，所以选 D。 【小题 12】 D考查动词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是： A.衡量， B.展示， C.保持， D.缓解，根据上文： on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others.群体越大，生活在一起的压力就越大，梳理毛发可以缓解压力，让每个人
37、都冷静下来，所以选 D。 【小题 13】 B 考查动词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是： A.拯救， B.延伸，延长，C.消费，消耗， D.获得，随着群体越来越大，花在打扮上的时间就要延长来维持它的效果，所以选 B。 【小题 14】 B考查形容词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是： A.常见的，普遍的，B.有效的， C.科学的， D.考虑周到的，根据上文的 effectiveness可知这里是需要一个更加有效的梳理毛发。所以选 B。 【小题 15】 C 考查形容 词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是： A.间接的， B.日常的，C.物理的，身体的， D.秘密的，语言演变成了有声的梳理毛发，它可以让人们通过比一对一的
38、日常交流更多的人群中交换信息，这样可以和更大的群体发展关系，所以选 C。 考点：考查科普类短文 阅读理解 Lets say you want to hit the gym more regularly this year. How do you make that happen Consider putting the habit loop to use. Heres how it works: A habit is a 3-step process. First, theres a cue, something that tells your brain to operate automat
39、ically. Then theres a routine. And finally, a reward, which helps your brain learn to desire the behavior. Its what you can use to create-or break-habits of your own. Heres how to apply it: Choose a cue, like leaving your running shoes by the door, then pick. a reward-say, a piece of chocolate when
40、you get home from the gym. That way, the cue and the reward become interconnected. Finally, when you see the shoes, your brain will start longing for the reward, which will make it easier to work out day after day. The best part In a couple of weeks, you wont need the chocolate at all. Your brain wi
41、ll come to see the workout itself as the reward. Which is the whole point, right 【小题 1】 Which of the following best fits in the box with a “ ” in THE HABIT LOOP A Pick a new cue. B Form a new habit. C Choose a new reward. D Design a new resolution. 【小题 2】 According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick t
42、o your plan most effectively by_. A changing the routine B trying it for a week C adjusting your goal D writing it down 【小题 3】 Whats the purpose of putting the habit loop to use A To test out different kinds of cues. B To do something as a habit even without rewards. C To work out the best New Years
43、 resolution. D To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards. 【小题 4】 “This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or an English newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour. What is the cue in this resolution A The Harry Potter poster. B Reading 30 page
44、s of an English novel. C An English newspaper. D Watching TV for half an hour. 答案： 【小题 1】 C 【小题 2】 D 【小题 3】 B 【小题 4】 A 试题分析：文章用图文并茂的形式教读者怎样在新的一年制定一个新的决心，从线索到实施 到奖励，最终要做到没有奖励也能将它变成习惯。 【小题 1】推理题：根据文章图表里面内容的句子：可知如果对这个奖励不满意，可以选择一个新的奖励， Choose a new reward最适合 The Habit Loop里面的有问号的方框，所以选 C。 【小题 2】细节题：根据文章
45、图表的下方左边的方框：可知根据 The Habit Loop所说，你可以通过将计划写下来从而更有效的坚持这个计划，所以选 D。 【小题 3】细节题：根据文章最后一段的句子： In a couple of weeks, you wont need the chocolate at all. Your brain will come to see the workout itself as the reward.可知使用 The Habit Loop 的目的是甚至没有回报都可以将一些事情当成习惯做，所以选 B 【小题 4】推理题：根据文章的内容， A habit is a 3-step proce
46、ss. First, theres a cue, something that tells your brain to operate automatically. Then theres a routine. And finally, a reward,可知在新年里面下新的决心，先要有线索，然后是常规做法，最后是奖励，这里看见哈利波特的海报属于线索，所以选 A 考点：考查日常生活类短文 Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does Mother Nature agree Animals cant talk, but can
47、they lie in other ways Can they lie with their bodies and behavior Animal experts may not call it lying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Why Dishonesty often helps them survive. Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooli
48、ng other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator（猎食动物） gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the hurt adult, leaving the
49、 baby birds safe in the nest. Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury
