1、Designation: E94/E94M 17Standard Guide forRadiographic Examination Using Industrial RadiographicFilm1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E94/E94M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This guide2covers satisfactory X-ray and
3、 gamma-rayradiographic examination as applied to industrial radiographicfilm recording. It includes statements about preferred practicewithout discussing the technical background which justifies thepreference. A bibliography of several textbooks and standarddocuments of other societies is included f
4、or additional infor-mation on the subject.1.2 This guide covers types of materials to be examined;radiographic examination techniques and production methods;radiographic film selection, processing, viewing, and storage;maintenance of inspection records; and a list of availablereference radiograph do
5、cuments.NOTE 1Further information is contained in Guide E999, PracticeE1025, Test Methods E1030, and E1032.1.3 The use of digital radiography has expanded and followsmany of the same general principles of film based radiographybut with many important differences. The user is referred tostandards for
6、 digital radiography E2597, E2698, E2736, andE2737 for digital detector array (DDA) radiography andE2007, E2033, E2445/E2445M, and E2446 for computedradiography(CR) if considering the use of digital radiography.1.4 Interpretation and Acceptance StandardsInterpretation and acceptance standards are no
7、t covered by thisguide, beyond listing the available reference radiograph docu-ments for castings and welds. Designation of accept - rejectstandards is recognized to be within the cognizance of productspecifications and generally a matter of contractual agreementbetween producer and purchaser.1.5 Sa
8、fety PracticesProblems of personnel protectionagainst X rays and gamma rays are not covered by thisdocument. For information on this important aspect ofradiography, reference should be made to the current documentof the National Committee on Radiation Protection andMeasurement, Federal Register, U.S
9、. Energy Research andDevelopment Administration, National Bureau of Standards,and to state and local regulations, if such exist. For specificradiation safety information refer to NIST Handbook ANSI43.3, 21 CFR 1020.40, and 29 CFR 1910.1096 or stateregulations for agreement states.1.6 UnitsThe values
10、 stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system should be used independently of theother. Combining values from the two systems may result innon-conformance with the standard
11、.1.7 If an NDT agency is used, the agency should bequalified in accordance with Specification E543.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health,
12、and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.(See 1.5.)1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of In
13、ternational Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E543 Specification for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE746 Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality Re-spon
14、se of Industrial Radiographic Imaging Systems1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology(X and Gamma) Method.Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published August 2017. Originallyapprove
15、d in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E94 - 04(2010). DOI:10.1520/E0094_E0094M-17.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related GuideSE-94 in Section V of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Servi
16、ce at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in ac
17、cordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1E747 Practice for Design, Man
18、ufacture and Material Group-ing Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI)Used for RadiologyE801 Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiographic Ex-amination of Electronic DevicesE999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radio-graphic Film ProcessingE1000 Guide for RadioscopyE
19、1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-dicators (IQI) Used for RadiologyE1030 Practice for Radiographic Examination of MetallicCastingsE1032 Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Weld-mentsE1079 Practice for Calibration of Trans
20、mission Densitom-etersE1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and UnexposedIndustrial Radiographic FilmsE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1390 Specification for Illuminators Used for Viewing In-dustrial RadiographsE1735 Test Method for Determining Relative Image Qualityof Industrial R
21、adiographic Film Exposed to X-Radiationfrom4to25MeVE1742 Practice for Radiographic ExaminationE1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems forIndustrial RadiographyE1817 Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Ex-amination by Using Representative Quality Indicators(RQIs)E2007 Guide
22、for Computed RadiographyE2033 Practice for Computed Radiology (PhotostimulableLuminescence Method)E2445/E2445M Practice for Performance Evaluation andLong-Term Stability of Computed Radiography SystemsE2446 Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Com-puted Radiography SystemsE2597 Practice fo
23、r Manufacturing Characterization of Digi-tal Detector ArraysE2698 Practice for Radiological Examination Using DigitalDetector ArraysE2736 Guide for Digital Detector Array RadiologyE2737 Practice for Digital Detector Array PerformanceEvaluation and Long-Term Stability2.2 ANSI Standards:PH1.41 Specifi
24、cations for Photographic Film ArchivalRecords, Silver Type4PH2.22 Photography (Sensitometry)Determination ofSafelight Conditions4T9.1 Imaging Media (Film)Silver-Gelatin Type Specifica-tions for Stability4T9.2 Imaging MediaPhotographic Processed Films,Plates, and Paper Filing Enclosures and Storage C
25、ontain-ers42.3 Federal Standards:Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 1020.40, SafetyRequirements of Cabinet X-Ray Systems5Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 1910.96, Ion-izing Radiation (X-Rays, RF, etc.)52.4 Other Document:ISO 18917 PhotographyDetermination of residual thiosul-phat
26、e and other related chemicals in processed photo-graphic materialsMethods using iodine-amylose, meth-ylene blue and silver sulfideNBS Handbook ANSI N43.3 General Radiation Safety In-stallations Using NonMedical X-Ray and Sealed Gamma-Ray Sources up to 10 MeV63. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definiti
27、ons of terms used in this guide,refer to Terminology E1316.4. Significance and Use4.1 Within the present state of the radiographic art, thisguide is generally applicable to available materials, processes,and techniques where industrial radiographic films are used asthe recording media.4.2 Limitation
28、sThis guide does not take into considerationthe benefits and limitations of nonfilm radiography such asfluoroscopy, digital detector arrays, or computed radiography.Refer to Guides E1000, E2736, and E2007.4.3 Although reference is made to documents that may beused in the identification and grading,
29、where applicable, ofrepresentative discontinuities in common metal castings andwelds, no attempt has been made to set standards of acceptancefor any material or production process.4.4 Radiography will be consistent in image quality (con-trast sensitivity and definition) only if all details of techni
30、ques,such as geometry, film, filtration, viewing, etc., are obtainedand maintained.5. Equipment and Configuration5.1 To obtain quality radiographs, it is necessary to consideras a minimum the following list of items. Detailed informationon each item is further described in this guide.5.1.1 Radiation
31、 source (X-ray or gamma),5.1.2 Energy selection,5.1.3 Source size (X-ray focal spot dimension or gammasource size),5.1.4 Ways and means to eliminate scattered radiation,5.1.5 Film system class,5.1.6 Source-to-film and object-to-film distance,5.1.7 Image quality indicators (IQIs),5.1.8 Screens and fi
32、lters,5.1.9 Geometry of part or component configuration,5.1.10 Identification and location markers, and4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.5Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol
33、 St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.6Available from National Technical Information Service (NTIS), U.S. Depart-ment of Commerce, 5301 Shawnee Rd, Alexandria, VA 22312.E94/E94M 1725.1.11 Radiographic quality level.6. Radiographic Quality Level6.1 Image Quality Indicators (IQIs) are devices
34、 placedwithin a radiographic set-up to indicate that a certain contrastsensitivity and definition has been achieved. IQIs demonstrat-ing the required sensitivity level do not guarantee that a similarsize flaw in a part will be detected but indicate that theradiographic quality has been met. Informat
35、ion on the designand manufacture of image quality indicators (IQIs) can befound in Practices E747, E801, E1025, and E1742.6.2 Radiographic quality level is usually expressed inpercent of part thickness and diameter of feature to be detected.If a single percent number is given, the feature diameter i
36、sassumed to be twice the given percent thickness of the part. Forexample, if 2% is given for one inch 25.4 mm thick part, thefeature diameter is 2 0.02 1 in. 25.4 mm or 0.04 in. 1.016mm. Image quality levels using hole-type IQIs (see PracticeE1025) are designated by a two part expression X-YT. The f
37、irstpart of the expression X refers to the IQI thickness expressed asa percentage of the specimen thickness. The second part of theexpression YT refers to the diameter of the hole and isexpressed as a multiple of the IQI thickness, T. The imagequality level 2-2T means that the IQI thickness T is 2%
38、of thespecimen thickness and that the diameter of the IQI imagedhole is 2 times the IQI thickness. If using wire IQIs, the wireset and wire number are designated. Correspondence betweenhole-type and wire-type IQIs is given in Practice E747. Hole-and wire-type IQIs are the major types used for indust
39、rialradiography. Other types may also be used (for example, seePractice E1817). The quality level usually required for radiog-raphy is 2 % (2-2T when using hole type IQI) unless a higheror lower quality is agreed upon between the purchaser and thesupplier. The level of inspection specified should be
40、 based onthe service requirements of the product. Great care should betaken in specifying quality levels 2-1T, 1-1T, and 1-2T by firstdetermining that these quality levels can be maintained inproduction radiography.6.3 If IQIs of material radiographically similar to that beingexamined are not availa
41、ble, IQIs of the required dimensionsbut of a lower-absorption material may be used.6.4 The quality level required using wire IQIs should beequivalent to the 2-2T level of Practice E1025 unless a higheror lower quality level is agreed upon between purchaser andsupplier. Table 4 of Practice E747 provi
42、des a list of varioushole-type IQIs and the corresponding diameter of the wires toachieve the Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity (EPS) with theapplicable 1T, 2T, and 4Tholes in the plaque IQI.Appendix X1of Practice E747 gives the equation for calculating otherequivalencies, if needed.7. Energy Sele
43、ction7.1 X-ray energy affects image quality. In general, the lowerthe energy of the source utilized the higher the achievableradiographic contrast, however, other variables such as exces-sive dose geometry and scatter conditions may override thepotential advantage of higher contrast. For a particula
44、r energy,a range of thicknesses which are a multiple of the half valuelayer, may be radiographed to an acceptable quality levelutilizing a particular X-ray machine or gamma ray source. Inall cases the specified IQI (penetrameter) quality level must beshown on the radiograph. In general, satisfactory
45、 results cannormally be obtained for X-ray energies between 100 kV to500 kV in a range between 2.5 to 10 half value layers (HVL)of material thickness (see Table 1).This range may be extendedby as much as a factor of 2 in some situations for X-rayenergies in the 1 to 25 MV range primarily because of
46、reducedscatter.8. Radiographic Equivalence Factors8.1 The radiographic equivalence factor of a material is thatfactor by which the thickness of the material must be multi-plied to give the thickness of a “standard” material (often steel)which has the same absorption. Radiographic equivalencefactors
47、of several of the more common metals are given inTable 2, with steel arbitrarily assigned a factor of 1.0.Example: To radiograph 1.0 in. 25.4 mm of aluminum at 220kV, multiply 1.0 by the 0.18 (equivalence factor for aluminumat 220 kV) and this indicates that 1.0 in. 25.4 mm ofaluminum is equivalent
48、to 0.18 in. 4.57 mm of steel whenusing 220 kV.The factors may be used:8.1.1 To determine the practical thickness limits for radia-tion sources for materials other than steel, and8.1.2 To determine exposure for one metal from exposuretechniques for other metals.9. Film9.1 Various industrial radiograp
49、hic films are available tomeet the needs of production radiographic work. However,definite rules on the selection of film are difficult to formulatebecause the choice depends on individual user requirements.Some user requirements are as follows: radiographic qualitylevels, exposure times, and various cost factors. Severalmethods are available for assessing image quality levels (seePractices E746, E747, and E801). Information about specificproducts can be obtained from the manufacturers.9.2 Various industrial radiographic films are manufacturedto meet quali
