1、Designation: C1728 17Standard Specification forFlexible Aerogel Insulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1728; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthese
2、s indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the classification and perfor-mance of flexible aerogel thermal insulation. This will coverthe range of continuous exposure opera
3、ting temperatures from321F (196C) up to 1200F (649C).1.2 For satisfactory performance, properly installed protec-tive vapor retarders or barriers shall be used on below ambienttemperature applications to reduce movement of moisturethrough or around the insulation to the colder surface. Failureto use
4、 a vapor retarder or barrier could lead to insulation andsystem non-performance.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 T
5、he following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest methods described in this specification. This standard doesnot purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to establish appropriate safety and health pr
6、acticesand determine the applicability of regulatory limitations priorto use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C165 Test Method for Measuring Compressive Properties ofThermal InsulationsC167 Test Methods for Thickness and Density of Blanket orBatt Thermal InsulationsC168 Terminology Relatin
7、g to Thermal InsulationC177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means ofthe Guarded-Hot-Plate ApparatusC303 Test Method for Dimensions and Density of Pre-formed Block and BoardType Thermal InsulationC335 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Transf
8、er Propertiesof Pipe InsulationC356 Test Method for Linear Shrinkage of Preformed High-Temperature Thermal Insulation Subjected to SoakingHeatC390 Practice for Sampling and Acceptance of ThermalInsulation LotsC411 Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal InsulationC447 Pra
9、ctice for Estimating the Maximum Use Tempera-ture of Thermal InsulationsC518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal TransmissionProperties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter ApparatusC795 Specification for Thermal Insulation for Use in Con-tact with Austenitic Stainless SteelC1045 Practice for Calculatin
10、g Thermal Transmission Prop-erties Under Steady-State ConditionsC1058 Practice for Selecting Temperatures for Evaluatingand Reporting Thermal Properties of Thermal InsulationC1101/C1101M Test Methods for Classifying the Flexibilityor Rigidity of Mineral Fiber Blanket and Board InsulationC1104/C1104M
11、 Test Method for Determining the WaterVapor Sorption of Unfaced Mineral Fiber InsulationC1114 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal TransmissionProperties by Means of the Thin-Heater ApparatusC1338 Test Method for Determining Fungi Resistance ofInsulation Materials and FacingsC1617 Practice for Quant
12、itative Accelerated LaboratoryEvaluation of Extraction Solutions Containing IonsLeached from Thermal Insulation on Aqueous Corrosionof MetalsC1763 Test Method for Water Absorption by Immersion ofThermal Insulation MaterialsE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding Materials1This
13、 specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 onThermal Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.23 onBlanket and Loose Fill Insulation.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2017. Published February 2017. Originallyapproved in 2012. Last previous edition approved i
14、n 2013 as C1728 13. DOI:10.1520/C1728-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM Inter
15、national, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,
16、Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1E2231 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofPipe and Duct Insulation Materials to Assess SurfaceBurning Characteristics2.2 Other Standards:3CAN/ULC-S102 Standard Method of Test f
17、or Surface Burn-ing Characteristics of Building Materials and Assemblies3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:For definitions used in this specification, seeTerminology A3.3.1.1 flexible aerogel insulation, na flexible insulationcontaining a composite of aerogel, fibrous carrying media, orreinforcements, or
18、 a combination thereof.3.1.1.1 DiscussionOpacifiers are sometimes added as ei-ther fibers or powders.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 N/ANot applicable.4. Classification4.1 Flexible aerogel insulation shall be classified into threeTypes based on the maximum use temperature:4.1.1 Type I 257F (125C)4.1.2 Type
19、II 390F (200C)4.1.3 Type III 1200F (649C)4.2 Type I is subdivided as Grade 1 (tested in flat configu-ration) and Categories A or B by thermal conductivity.4.3 Type II comprises a Grade 1 (tested in flat configuration)and Category A.4.4 Type III is subdivided into two Grades 1 and 2 wherebyGrade 1 is
20、 tested in a flat configuration using Test MethodC177 and Grade 2 is tested only in a pipe configuration usingTest Method C335.5. Ordering Information5.1 The Type, Grade, Category, dimensions, and thicknessshall be specified by the purchaser. A product certification (ifrequired) shall be specified i
21、n the purchase order.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 CompositionFlexible aerogel insulation is a compositeof an amorphous silica-based aerogel, a fibrous carrying media,or reinforcements, or a combination thereof, that allow theconstruct to be flexible.6.1.1 A fibrous carrying media or reinforcement
22、, or both,consists of the following: fibers, batts, strips, sheets, or somecombination thereof.6.1.1.1 This fibrous carrying media or reinforcementmaterial, or both, is either organic, such as polyester, orinorganic, such as glass fibers. Additionally, some flexibleaerogel insulation contains additi
23、ves such as a water resistanttreatment or opacifiers, or both.7. Physical, Mechanical and Chemical PropertyRequirementsNOTE 1Performance requirements for flexible aerogel insulation(Type I Grade 1 Category A, Type I Grade 1 Category B, Type II Grade1 Category A, Type III Grade 1 Category A, and Type
24、 III Grade 2Category A) are given in Table 1.7.1 Maximum Use TemperatureWhen tested in accor-dance with Test Method C411 in a flat configuration and the hotsurface performance of Practice C447 in a flat configuration atthe insulations maximum use temperature at a thickness of 80mm or manufacturers m
25、aximum recommended thickness, theflexible aerogel insulation shall not warp, flame, or glow duringhot surface exposure. No evidence of melting or fiber degra-dation shall be evident upon post-test inspection.7.2 Thickness and DensityThe thickness and density shallbe determined and reported in accord
26、ance with Test MethodsC167 or C303.7.3 Apparent Thermal Conductivity:7.3.1 Determine the thermal conductivity as a function oftemperature for the representative specimens with data ob-tained from a series of thermal tests utilizing Test MethodsC177, C518, C1114,orC335 as appropriate for the material
27、under study. Specimen shall be tested unfaced and, for Type III,Grade 2 (pipe configuration per Test Method C335), test at aminimum of 4 layers. Each layer shall have a minimumthickness of 0.2 in (5 mm). The test report shall state thebarometric pressure at the time of the tests. See Note 2 below.7.
28、3.2 As specified in Practice C1045, the range of testconditions must include at least one test where the hot surfacetemperature is greater than, or equal to, the hot limit of thetemperature range of desired data and at least one test wherethe cold temperature is less than, or equal to, the cold limi
29、t ofthe temperature range desired. At least two additional testsshall be performed and distributed evenly over the rest of thetemperature range.7.3.3 Final analysis of the thermal data shall be conducted inaccordance with Practice C1045 to generate a thermal conduc-tivity versus temperature relation
30、ship for the specimen.7.3.4 The final step of Practice C1045 analysis is to calcu-late the thermal conductivity using the equations generated ata set of mean temperatures for comparison to the specification.7.3.5 Practice C1058 shall be used to obtain recommendedtest temperature combinations for tes
31、ting purposes.7.4 FlexibilityWhen tested at the installed thickness inaccordance with the Test Methods C1101/C1101M, the sheetmust qualify as flexible.7.5 Corrosiveness to SteelWhen tested in accordance withPractice C1617, the mass loss corrosion rate of the unfacedinsulation extract shall not excee
32、d that of the 5-ppm chloridesolution. Test the composite insulation material (with facingand adhesive) when a facing is factory adhered by themanufacturer or the fabricator.7.6 Water Vapor SorptionWhen tested in accordance theTest Method C1104/C1104M, the water vapor sorption of theflexible insulati
33、on shall be not more than5%byweight.3Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 2600 N.W. Lake Rd., Camas,WA 98607-8542, http:/.C1728 1727.7 Fungi ResistanceWhen tested in accordance in accor-dance with the fungi resistance Test Method C1338, the testspecimens shall have no growth.7.8 Surface Bu
34、rning CharacteristicsTest in accordancewith Test Method E84 using the specimen preparation andmounting techniques of Practice E2231. For Canada, test inaccordance with Test Method CAN/ULC-S102.NOTE 2The thermal transmission properties of flexible aerogelinsulation, both flat and in a pipe configurat
35、ion, may vary withtemperature, temperature gradient, moisture content, thickness, and shape.Note that the apparent thermal conductivity requirements in Table 1 arebased on samples tested under the conditions specified in the testprocedure given in 7.3.1 above. These are comparative values forestabli
36、shing specification compliances. In some cases they do not repre-sent the installed performance of the insulation under use conditions sincethose may differ substantially from the test conditions.7.9 Maximum Exothermic Temperature RiseFor Type IIImaterial only (that is, those used at service tempera
37、turesgreater than 390F (199C), when tested in accordance withTest Method C411 and Practice C447 at the maximum thick-ness specified by the manufacturer, no internal temperature atTABLE 1 Performance Requirements for Types I, II, and III Flexible Aerogel InsulationType I I II III IIIGrade 11112Ctgoy
38、ABAAAMaximum use temperature,F (C)257(125)257(125)390(199)1200(649)1200(649)Minimum use temperature,F (C)-321(-196)-321(-196)-321(-196)75(24)75(24)Minimum / Maximum Composite Density,lbs/ft3(kg/m3)1.9to6.3(30 to 100)5.0to11.2(80 to 180)4.7to9.4(75 to 150)10.0 to 15.0(160 to 240)10.0 to 15.0(160 to 2
39、40)Apparent thermal conductivity,max, Btucin/hcft2cF (W/mcK) Mean Temperature, F (C)-200 (-129) 0.098(0.014)0.096(0.014)0.073(0.011)N/A N/A-100 (-73.3) 0.12(0.017)0.10(0.015)0.091(0.013)N/A N/A0 (-17.8) 0.14(0.021)0.11(0.016)0.11(0.016)N/A N/A75 (23.9) 0.17(0.024)0.12(0.017)0.13(0.019)0.14(0.021)0.1
40、6(0.023)100 (37.8) 0.17(0.025)0.12(0.017)0.14(0.020)0.15(0.022)0.17(0.024)200 (93.3) 0.21(0.030)0.13(0.019)0.18(0.025)0.16(0.023)0.18(0.024)300 (149) NA NA 0.22(0.032)0.18(0.025)0.21(0.028)400 (204) NA NA NA 0.20(0.029)0.24(0.033)500 (260) NA NA NA 0.22(0.032)0.28(0.035)600 (316) NA NA NA 0.25(0.036
41、)0.33(0.040)700 (371) NA NA NA 0.30(0.043)0.39(0.048)Compressive resistance, min, 10% deformation, psi (kPa) 0.75(5.2)5(34.5)5(34.5)3(20.7)3(20.7)Surface burning characteristics: Flame spread index, max Smokedeveloped, maxNot Rated 2550Not Rated 510510Exothermic temperature rise, maximum, with no fa
42、cings or jacketingof any type, run at maximum recommended thicknessNA NA NA 200F(111C)200F(111C)Water absorption, maximum % by weightBefore conditioning at 600F (316C) for 24 h 150 % 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 %After conditioning at 600F (316C) for 24 h 16 % 16 %C1728 173any time shall exceed the hot surface tem
43、perature by more than200F (111C) with thermocouples installed between eachmaterial layer. This criterion applies during heat-up, as well as,steady state conditions.7.10 Water AbsorptionSpecifications are based on a 10mm material thickness.7.10.1 For Types I and II materials, test in accordance withT
44、est Method C1763, Procedure B. The water absorption afterimmersion shall be 8 % by weight as given in Table 1.7.10.2 For Type III materials, test in accordance with TestMethod C1763, Procedure B, after preheating the sample for24 h at 600F (316C) and cooling to room temperature. Thewater absorption
45、after immersion shall be 16 % by weight (8% by weight when tested before preheating the sample) asgiven in Table 1.7.10.2.1 Samples shall be cooled in a desiccator prior toperforming initial weight measurements to ensure a constantmass is achieved.7.11 Stress Corrosion Performance for Use on Austeni
46、ticStainless SteelCompliance with Specification C795 is nec-essary only when requested to assess corrosivity when theinsulation is applied to austenitic stainless steel surfaces.7.12 Compressive ResistanceTest in accordance with TestMethod C165 with preloading.7.13 Linear Shrinkage after exposure to
47、 maximum usetemperatureWhen tested in accordance with Test MethodC356, linear shrinkage shall be less than 2% in length andwidth directions.7.14 Sag Resistance4Test material in a pipe configurationin accordance with Test Method C411. The percent thicknesschange shall be less than or equal to 5 %.8.
48、Qualification Requirements8.1 Qualification RequirementsThe following require-ments shall be employed for the purpose of initial productqualification:8.1.1 Maximum use temperature,8.1.2 Linear shrinkage after exposure to maximum usetemperature,8.1.3 Compressive resistance, at 10% deformation,8.1.4 A
49、pparent thermal conductivity,8.1.5 Density, for design purposes only,8.1.6 Flexibility,8.1.7 Corrosiveness to steel,8.1.8 Water vapor sorption,8.1.9 Fungi resistance,8.1.10 Surface burning characteristics,8.1.11 Maximum exothermic temperature rise8.1.12 Water absorption after immersion,8.1.13 Compliance with Specification C795 is necessarywhen requested to assess corrosivity only when the insulationis applied to austenitic stainless steel pipe, and8.1.14 Sag resistance.49. Dimensions and Permissible Vari
