1、定语从句,The Attributive Clause,定语的位置I like the green team.I like the team in green.I like the team who were wearing green.,这是我的杯子This is my cup.这是装满水的杯子。This is the cup full of tea.这是我喝茶用的杯子。This is the cup which I drink tea with.,当你用一个词不能尽情表达你想说的意思时，就用短语；如果短语还不能满足，就用从句。,为什么用 定语从句,定语从句的定义,定语从句，也称关系从句和形
2、容词性从句，由关系代词或关系副词引导，用来限制，描绘或说明主句中的某一个名词或代词（有时也可以说明整个句子或主句中的一部分），即句子作定语。,The girl who is standing there is Mary.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。 关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。,先行词 + 定语从句 （ 名词/代词 ） +（关系词其他成分）,关系词引导定语从句, 起着连接主从句， 指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。,先行词,关系词,定语从句,1.连接作用:引导从句并同时连接主句. 2.指代作用:在从句中指代它前面的先行词. 3.成分作用:在从句中充当成分.如:主语(wh
3、o,that,which);宾语(who, whom,which,that); 表语(that,as);定语(whose,of whom/which);时间状语(when),地点状语(where)和原因状语(why). 说明:关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略,其他成分一般不可省略.,判断是定语从句的三要素,1. 看是否有先行词。 2 看是否有关系词。 3 看是否关系词在定语从句中做成分。,This is the cup which I drink tea with.,The girl who is standing there is Mary.,This is the scientist who
4、se name is known all over the country.,先行词,关系词,定语从句,先行词,关系词,定语从句,先行词,关系词,定语从句,关系词在定语从句中做主语,关系词在定语从句里做宾语。,关系词在定语从句中做定语。,October 1,1949 was the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded.This is the place where my mother was born.I dont know the reason why she looks unhappy today,先行词,关系词,定语从句,
5、关系副词在定语从句中时间状语。,先行词,关系词,关系副词在定语从句中地点状语。,定语从句,先行词,关系词,关系副词在定语从句中原因状语。,定语从句,引导定语从句的关系代词,作表语,that,that / which,是,在定语从句中用什么关系词的方法,1.看先行词是什么. 2.看关系词在定语从句中做什么成分. 主语(who,that,which);宾语(who, whom,which,that); 表语(that,as);定语(whose,of whom/which);时间状语(when),地点状语(where)和原因状语(why).,Titanic is the ship _ sank af
6、ter hitting an iceberg.,that/which,Rose and Jack are the lovers _ met on the ship.,who/that,3. The house they built in 1987 stayed up in the earthquake.,1. The earthquake hit the city in 2008 was the biggest in Chinese history.,2. We dont know the number of people lost their homes in 1906 earthquake
7、,that / which,that / who,（which /that）,4. The students are talking about the strange stories and persons _ they met in the village.5. Harry is the boy _ mother is our maths teacher . 6. Luckily none of the people _ I know were killed in the earthquake .,(who/whom/that),whose,(that),1. 先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰
8、时用that，而不用which,The first place _ they visited was Yangzhou. This is the third film _ has been shown in our school this term.,The most important thing _ should be done now is to study English.,(that),that,that,(that),This is the best film _ I have seen.,2. 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时用that， 而用which,.先行词由指人和指物的名词
9、并列构成时用that，而不用which,The writer and his novel _ you have just talked about is really well known.The bike and its rider _ had run over an old woman were held up by the police.,There is nothing _ they want to buy. That is all _ I want to say.,(that),(that),(that),that,4 .先行词是all, much, little, few, som
10、ething, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词用that，而不用which,5 .先行词被any, few ,little, no, all, one of, the same , the very, the only , just the等词修饰时 The only thing _ we could do was to wait. This is one of the presents _ my boy friend gave me on my birthday.,6 .如有主句含两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which
11、，另一个关系代词则宜用that,以避免语言的单调或重复。 Edison built up a factory which produced things _ had never been seen before.,(that),(that),that,7. 主句已有疑问词which时,避免与先行词重复。 Which is the book _ he put here just now?,that,8. 主句是There be结构，修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that指代物。 Theres still a seat in the corner that is still free。,10.被修饰词为
12、数词时。Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive.,先行词指物时定语从句中关系代词宜用that，不宜用which的情况：,先行词指物时定语从句中关系代词宜用which而不宜用that的情况This is the liberary from which I borrowed the book.Is this the room in which Mr White lives?Crusoes dog, which was now
13、very old, became ill and died.,1、当关系代词前面有介词时，且关系代词一律不能省略。,2、在非限制性定语从句中。,3、当关系代词指代前面整个句子时 He passed the exam, _ made his father very happy.,which,小结：关系代词指物时用法要点,定语从句中先行词指物宜用that，不宜用which的情况. 1.先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词时. 2.先行词是序数词,或它前面有一个序数词时. 3.先行词既有人又有物时 4.先行词是all, much, little,something,everything, a
14、nything, nothing, none,the one等代词时 5.先行词any, few,little,no, all, one of,the same, the very, the only, just the等词修饰时 6.如有主句含两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个关系代词则宜用that,以避免语言的单调或重复。 7.主句已有疑问词which时 8.主句是There be结构，修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that指代物。 9.被修饰词为数词时。,先行词指物时定语从句中关系代词宜用which而不宜用that的情况。 1.关系代词前有介词时,只用which，且关系代词一
15、律不能省略。 2.在非限定性定语从句中，只用which，不用that。 3.当关系代词指代前面整个句子时。,先行词指人时定语从句中关系代词宜用who而不宜用that的情况：、先行词为one, ones, anyone或those时。The person I want to learn from is one who studies hard and works well.Anyone who failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason.Those who are not fit for their work shou
16、ld leave office at once.,在There be结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who指代人。Theres a gentleman who wants to see you.There are several students in our class who are still not sure about the use of attributive clause.,关系代词与介词1. 当介词放在关系代词前时，介词宾语只能用which代物，whom代人。且关系代词一律不能省略。(固定短语中的介词不可提前)例如：I want to find the pen with
17、 which I wrote that letter.2.介词在末尾时，可用that/which（代物），that/whom/who（代人）做介词的宾语，且这个介词宾语的关系代词往往省略。例如：The man whom/who/that/可省 he wants to see is in Shanghai.,关系代词as引导限制性定语从句 She wears the same kind of clothes as her sister wears.(不是同一件)(Cf. She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding.（同一件） Su
18、ch people as were recommended by him were reliable .) He is as great a painter as ever lived. In the city, I once saw so grand a National Day celebration as I never dreamt of.,.定语从句的分类：（1）限定性定语从句：与先行词关系密切，如果 没有定语从句，主句含混不清，不完整。限定性定语从句与先行词之间无逗号。（2）非限定性定语从句：是先行词的一个附加语，对先行词起进一步说明作用，如果删掉它，主句的意义仍然是完整的。非限定
19、性定语从句与先行词之间有逗号。,This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句（一）,（限制性）,（非限制性）,which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分。 有时as也可用作关系代词。 3. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物。,非限定性定语从句,as与which引导非
20、限制性定语从句 Wherever I met him, which was fairly frequent, I liked his sweet hopeful smile.,The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.,As is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. Grammar, as has been said before, is not a set of dead rules. He is a bit out of his mind, as all
21、 those who know him can see. As a poet points out, life is but a dream. The material is elastic, as ( is ) shown in the figure.,1. which（它所引导的定语从句只能放在先行词后） 2. as （它所引导的定语从句放在先行词前后都可以，并可翻译成“正如”）,关系代词as的用法及其与which的区别。关系代词as可以放在句子的开头，可以使用被动语态，而关系代词which则不可以。请比较： Our department will hold the meeting, as
22、 is known by us.,as在引导非限制性定语从句时的常用短语有：as is well known as we all know as may be imagined as is expected as we had expected as is often the case,_we all know, he is a famous scientist. _is expected, he is a diligent boy._ everyone knows, it is necessary to build a hospital in this small town. It is n
23、ecessary to build a hospital in this small town, _is clear to us. Our department will hold the meeting, _ is known by us.,As,As,As,which,as,关系副词引导的定语从句,先观察下面各句，尝试总结一下红色部分的用法。 Do you remember the days when / in which I stayed with you in the USA?2) The factory where / in which he worked for twenty ye
24、ars is closing down.3) The reason why / for which he was late for school was that he didnt catch the bus.,你还记得我和你在美国共度的那些日子吗？,他效力了20年的那个工厂倒闭了。,他之所以迟到，原因是没赶上公交车。,小结归纳 when 通常放在表示时间的名词(先行词)后引导定语从句，如句1）； where放在表示地点的名词(先行词)后引导定语从句，如句2）； why经常放在reason (先行词)的后面来引导定语从句，如句3）；,关系副词when, where, why的用法关系副词在定语
25、从句当中只能充当状语，当一个句子不缺少主语或宾语时，并能够完整地表达一个意思时，这时我们不需要关系代词，就可以给这个句子加上特定的关系副词。,2. 先行词和关系副词的种类,where,when,why,关系副词=,介词+ which,关系副词when, where, why 和介词+which的关系关系副词when, where, why可用适当的介词+which来替代。 如：when=in/on/at+which, where=in/on/at+which, why=for+whichPs:介词的选用取决于先行词和定语从句中的动词。介词的位置非常灵活，有时放在关系代词之前，有时放在动词之后。
26、（注意固定短语中介词的位置）,Ill never forget the day when I joined the army.,on which,Jim still remembers the happy time when we got together last year.,during which,It is 1st Oct. when we celebrate our nations birthday.,on which,This is the house where I lived two years ago.,in which,We got the station early wh
27、ere we saw Tom off.,at which,Do you know the reason why she was late.,for which,She will never tell us the reasons why she married such an old man.,for which,1.I wont forget the time _I got married. 2.Have you still remember the days _we stayed together? 3.This is the place _we had a good time. 4.Is
28、 this the house _Mr. Smith lives? 5.I dont know the reason _he wont join us. 6.Do you know the reason _he didnt come to sweep the classroom?,when,in which,when,on which,where,during which,where,in which,why,for which,why,for which,关系副词when, where和关系代词that, which的区分 同样是修饰一个地点，有时使用where，有时使用that/which
29、； 同样是修饰一个时间，有时使用when， 有时使用that/which 同样是修饰reason，有时使用why，有时使用that.主要看： 从句意思是否完整；完整的话需用关系副词做状语，若意思不完整则需加关系代词充当某个成分。,请比较以下句子：This is the park _we visited last year.This is the park _ we held a birthday party.Thats the date _she wont forget for ever. Thats the date _ we went to the college.I like the t
30、ime _ we had together.I like the time _we lived together.This is the reason_he explained for his carelessness in his work.This is the reason_ he did so.,(that),why,when,从句意思不完整需要加宾语,where,（从句完整，只需加上特的关系副词做状语）,that,that,that,when,一些特殊词之后的where 解析：如果定语从句分别修饰point, situation, stage, part, condition和cas
31、e等表示抽象意义的词， 常用where 引导，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中” 。 1. Ive come to the point where I cant stand him. 2. The country is in the situation where a war will break out at any time. 1. We should go to the place_ we are most needed. 2. We should go to the place_ needs us most.A. it B. where C. that D. what 1B 2C,关
32、系代词that和which在定语从句中充当主语或宾语关系副词when/ where/ why分别在定语从句中充当时间状语， 地点状语和原因状语。,定语从句易混句型,1. I still remember the days _ I worked with the farmers. I still remember the days _ I spent with the farmers which B. on which C. when D. what2. We were on the way _ it began to rain. I dont like the way _ you speak
33、to your parents.A. when B. that C. how D. which,3. The teacher didnt know the reason _ she was absent yesterday. The teacher couldnt accept the reason _ she explained yesterday. A. how B. why C. that D. who4. Is this school _ you ever visited? Is this the school _ you ever studied? Is this the schoo
34、l in _ you ever studied? A. where B. which C. that D. the one,5. This is _ he said at he meeting yesterday. This is all_ he said at the meeting yesterday.A. that B. which C. what D. how 6. _ is reported in the newspapers, they have beaten all the other teams. _ is reported in the newspaper that they
35、 have beaten all the other teams. _ is reported in the newspaper is that they have beaten all the other teams. A. It B. As C. Which D. What,7. That is the house, _ windows hasnt been cleaned for months. That is the house, _ the windows hasnt been cleaned for months. That is the house, but _ windows
36、hasnt been cleaned for months.A. its B. its C. whose D. of which,8. John said hed been working in the office for hours, _ true. John said hed been working in the office for hours, but _ true.he was B. it was C. which was D. who was,这是我们曾经住过的房子这是他们去年建的房子我永远不会忘记我们一起在北京的日子,This is the house where/ in w
37、hich we once lived.,This is the house which/ that they built last year.,Ill never forget the days when/on which we stayed in Beijing.,汉译英1.你还记得我们一起在乡下度过的假期吗？ 2.这是我父亲从前工作过的工厂。 3.我找不到他离开这儿的原因。 4.我知道一个我们可以玩的开心的地方。 5.那就是他10年前住过的房子。 6.那就是我去美国的那一年。,1.I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. _ I got wet t
38、hrough. A. Its the reason B. Thats why C. Theres why D. Its how2.He made another wonderful discovery, _of great importance to science. A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D.I think which is3.He was very rude to the customs officer, _ of course made things even worse. A. Wh
39、o B. whom C. what D. whcih,Thats why,which I think is,which,历届高考定语从句例题,4.The visitor asked the guide to take his picture _ stands the famous tower. A. that B. where C. which D. there5.The boss _ department Ms King worked ten years ago looks down upon women. A. in which B. in that C. in whose D. whos
40、e6.I dont like _ you speak to her. A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which,where,in whose,the way,历届高考定语从句例题,7.He lived in London for 3 months, during _ time he learned some English. A. this B. which C. that D. same8.On the wall hung a picture, _ color is blue. A. whose B.
41、 of which C. which D. its9.Whenever I met him, _ was fairly often; I like his sweet and hopeful smile. A. what B. which C. that D. when,which,whose,which,历届高考定语从句例题,10.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _,of course , made the others unhappy. Awho Bwhich Cthis Dwhat (2000)11.
42、 _has already been pointed out , grammar is not a set of dead rules. A. As B. It C. That D. Which,which,As,历届高考定语从句例题,Practice1. Is this laboratory _ the students visited yesterday.Is this the laboratory _ the students visited yesterday.A. that B. the one C. where D. in which,the one,that,2. I have
43、bought the same dress _ she is wearing.A. as B. that C. which D. what,as,3. Is this the factory _ you visited the other day?A. that B. where C. in which D. the one,that,4. The wolves hid themselves in the places _ couldnt be found.A. that B. where C. in which D. in that 5. Have you seen the boy_?A.
44、that I told B. I told you of C. whom I told you D. I told you of him 6. China has thousands of islands, _Hainan Island is the largest.A. of them B. among which C. one of which D. among them,that,whom I told you,among which,7. Is this the plane _ he came to New York?A. which B. by which C. that D. in
45、 which8. She likes to use words _ is clear to him.A. of which the meaning B. of which meaningC. whose of meaning D. meaning of which9. Who _ knows him would trust him?A. whom B. that C. which D. who,by which,(A),that,10. She is not the only one of the girls _ well in class. which sings B. who sing C
46、. that sings D. who to sing11. She described in her compositions the people and places _ impressed her most.A. where B. that C. which D. who12. We still remember the day _ we spent doing the experiment.A. when B. which C. what D. on which,(c),that,which,Correct mistakes for the following sentences.1
47、. Under the big tree are 34 students, many of them come from class two. 2. My mother has a good book, which cover looks terrible. 3. Who are the young girls who are having dinner in the restaurant? 4. She is one of the girls who is very interested in maths. 5. Tom is the only one of the boys who like playing football. 6. Who is the girl that you talked to her just now? 7. This is the very pen that you gave it to me before. 8. There is an old woman, that is holding a stick.,
