1、raising standards worldwide NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW BSI Standards Publication BS ISO/IEC 10746-2:2009 Information technology Open distributed processing Reference model: FoundationsBS ISO/IEC 10746-2:2009 BRITISH STANDARD National foreword This British
2、Standard is the UK implementation of ISO/IEC 10746-2:2009. It supersedes BS ISO/IEC 10746-2:1996 which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee IST/15, Software and systems engineering. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obt
3、ained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. BSI 2011 ISBN 978 0 580 70795 7 ICS 35.080; 35.100.01 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal ob
4、ligations. This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2011. Amendments issued since publication Date Text affectedBS ISO/IEC 10746-2:2009Reference number ISO/IEC 10746-2:2009(E) ISO/IEC 2009INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 1074
5、6-2 Second edition 2009-12-15 Information technology Open distributed processing Reference model: Foundations Technologies de linformation Traitement rparti ouvert Modle de rfrence: Fondements BS ISO/IEC 10746-2:2009 ISO/IEC 10746-2:2009(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces
6、. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing
7、 Adobes licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized
8、 for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO/IEC 2009 All rights reserved. Un
9、less otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO
10、 copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published by ISO in 2010 Published in Switzerland ii ISO/IEC 2009 All rights reservedBS ISO/IEC 10746-2:2009 ISO/IEC 10746-2:2009(E) ISO/IEC 2009 All rights reserv
11、ed iiiCONTENTS Page 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references . 1 2.1 Identical Recommendations | International Standards 1 3 Definitions 1 3.1 Definitions from other Recommendations | International Standards. 1 3.2 Background definitions . 1 4 Abbreviations . 2 5 Categorization of concepts . 2 6 Basic inter
12、pretation concepts 3 7 Basic linguistic concepts 3 8 Basic modelling concepts. 4 9 Specification concepts 6 9.1 Composition 6 9.3 Decomposition 6 10 Organizational concepts . 10 11 Properties of systems and objects. 11 11.1 Transparencies 11 11.2 Policy concepts . 11 11.3 Temporal properties 12 12 N
13、aming concepts 13 13 Concepts for behaviour. 13 13.1 Activity structure. 13 13.2 Contractual behaviour . 13 13.3 Service concepts 15 13.4 Causality 15 13.5 Establishing behaviours 15 13.6 Dependability 16 14 Management concepts 16 15 ODP approach to conformance 17 15.1 Conformance to ODP standards 1
14、7 15.2 Testing and reference points . 17 15.3 Classes of reference points 17 15.4 Change of configuration 18 15.5 The conformance testing process 18 15.6 The result of testing. 19 15.7 Relation between reference points 19 Foreword iv Introduction v BS ISO/IEC 10746-2:2009 ISO/IEC 10746-2:2009(E) iv
15、ISO/IEC 2009 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of Intern
16、ational Standards through technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison
17、with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of the joint technica
18、l committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote. Attention is draw
19、n to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/IEC 10746-2 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee
20、SC 7, Software and systems engineering, in collaboration with ITU-T. The identical text is published as Rec. ITU-T X.902 (10/2009). This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/IEC 10746-2:1996), which has been technically revised. ISO/IEC 10746 consists of the following parts, un
21、der the general title Information technology Open distributed processing Reference model: Part 1: Overview Part 2: Foundations Part 3: Architecture Part 4: Architectural semantics BS ISO/IEC 10746-2:2009 ISO/IEC 10746-2:2009(E) ISO/IEC 2009 All rights reserved vIntroduction The rapid growth of distr
22、ibuted processing has led to a need for a coordinating framework for the standardization of open distributed processing (ODP). This reference model of ODP provides such a framework. It creates an architecture within which support of distribution, interworking, and portability can be integrated. The
23、reference model of open distributed processing (RM-ODP), Recommendations ITU-T X.901 | ISO/IEC 10746-1 to X.904 | ISO/IEC 10746-4, is based on precise concepts derived from current distributed processing developments and, as far as possible, on the use of formal description techniques for specificat
24、ion of the architecture. The RM-ODP consists of: Recommendation ITU-T X.901 | ISO/IEC 10746-1: Overview: Contains a motivational overview of ODP, giving scoping, justification and explanation of key concepts, and an outline of the ODP architecture. It contains explanatory material on how the RM-ODP
25、is to be interpreted and applied by its users, who may include standards writers and architects of ODP systems. It also contains a categorization of required areas of standardization expressed in terms of the reference points for conformance identified in Rec. ITU-T X.903 | ISO/IEC 10746-3. This par
26、t is not normative. Recommendation ITU-T X.902 | ISO/IEC 10746-2: Foundations: Contains the definition of the concepts and analytical framework for normalized description of (arbitrary) distributed processing systems. It introduces the principles of conformance to ODP standards and the way in which
27、they are applied. This is only to a level of detail sufficient to support Rec. ITU-T X.903 | ISO/IEC 10746-3 and to establish requirements for new specification techniques. This part is normative. Recommendation ITU-T X.903 | ISO/IEC 10746-3: Architecture: Contains the specification of the required
28、characteristics that qualify distributed processing as open. These are the constraints to which ODP standards must conform. It uses the descriptive techniques from Rec. ITU-T X.902 | ISO/IEC 10746-2. This part is normative. Recommendation ITU-T X.904 | ISO/IEC 10746-4: Architectural semantics: Conta
29、ins a formalization of the ODP modelling concepts defined in this Recommendation | International Standard (clauses 8 and 9). The formalization is achieved by interpreting each concept in terms of the constructs of the different standardized formal description techniques. This part is normative. This
30、 Recommendation | International Standard does not contain any annexes. BS ISO/IEC 10746-2:2009BS ISO/IEC 10746-2:2009 ISO/IEC 10746-2:2009 (E) Rec. ITU-T X.902 (10/2009) 1 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ITU-T RECOMMENDATION Information technology Open Distributed Processing Reference model: Foundations 1 Sc
31、ope This Recommendation | International Standard covers the concepts which are needed to perform the modelling of ODP systems (see clauses 6 to 14), and the principles of conformance to ODP systems (see 15). The concepts defined in clauses 6 to 14 are used in the reference model of open distributed
32、processing to support the definitions of: a) the structure of the family of standards which are subject to the reference model; b) the structure of distributed systems which claim compliance with the reference model (the configuration of the systems); c) the concepts needed to express the combined u
33、se of the various standards supported; d) the basic concepts to be used in the specifications of the various components which make up the open distributed system. Clause 15 defines how the various standards supported constrain an implementation and how such an implementation can be tested. 2 Normati
34、ve references The following Recommendations and International Standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation | International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and Standards ar
35、e subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this Recommendation | International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and Standards listed below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid Int
36、ernational Standards. The Telecommunication Standardization Bureau of the ITU maintains a list of currently valid ITU-T Recommendations. 2.1 Identical Recommendations | International Standards Recommendation ITU-T X.903 (1995) | ISO/IEC 10746-3:1996, Information technology Open Distributed Processin
37、g Reference Model: Architecture. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this Recommendation | International Standard, the following definitions apply. 3.1 Definitions from other Recommendations | International Standards There are no definitions from other Recommendations | International Standards in this
38、 Recommendation | International Standard. 3.2 Background definitions 3.2.1 data: The representations of informationdealt with by information systems and users thereof. 3.2.2 distributed processing: Information processing in which discrete components may be located in different places, and where comm
39、unication between components may suffer delay or may fail. 3.2.3 ODP standards: This Reference Model and those standards that comply with it, directly or indirectly. 3.2.4 open distributed processing: Distributed processing designed to conform to ODP standards. 3.2.5 ODP system: A system (see 6.5) w
40、hich conforms to the requirements of ODP standards. BS ISO/IEC 10746-2:2009 ISO/IEC 10746-2:2009 (E) Rec. ITU-T X.902 (10/2009) 2 3.2.6 information: Any kind of knowledge that is exchangeable amongst users, about things, facts, concepts and so on, in a universe of discourse. Although information wil
41、l necessarily have some forms of representation to make it communicable, it is the interpretation of this representation (the meaning) that is relevant in the first place. 3.2.7 viewpoint (on a system): A form of abstraction achieved using a selected set of architectural concepts and structuring rul
42、es, in order to focus on particular concerns within a system. 3.2.8 viewpoint correspondence: A statement that some terms or other linguistic constructs in a specification from one viewpoint are associated with (e.g., describe the same entities as) terms or constructs in a specification from a secon
43、d viewpoint. The forms of association that can be expressed will depend on the specification technique used. NOTE The terms associated by a correspondence need not necessarily be expressed using a single specification technique. The correspondence may associate a term in one specification technique
44、with a term in some different specification technique. Rather than linking every individual pair of terms, general correspondences can also be expressed between specification techniques themselves. For example, composition operators defined in different specification techniques can be associated, im
45、plying correspondences wherever these operators are used to link terms in the respective viewpoints. 4 Abbreviations For the purposes of this Recommendation | International Standard, the following abbreviations apply: ODP Open Distributed Processing OSI Open Systems Interconnection PICS Protocol Imp
46、lementation Conformance Statement PIXIT Protocol Implementation Extra Information for Testing RM-ODP Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing TP Transaction Processing 5 Categorization of concepts The modelling concepts defined in this Recommendation | International Standard are categorized as
47、 follows: a) Basic interpretation concepts: Concepts for the interpretation of the modelling constructs of any ODP modelling language. These concepts are described in clause 6. b) Basic linguistic concepts: Concepts related to languages; the grammar of any language for the specification of the ODP a
48、rchitecture must be described in terms of these concepts. These concepts are described in clause 7. c) Basic modelling concepts: Concepts for building the ODP architecture; the modelling constructs of any language must be based on these concepts. These concepts are described in clause 8. d) Specific
49、ation concepts: Concepts related to the requirements of the chosen specification languages used in ODP. These concepts are not intrinsic to distribution and distributed systems, but they are requirements to be considered in these specification languages. These concepts are described in clause 9. e) Structuring concepts: Concepts that emerge from considering different issues in distribution and distributed systems. They may or may not be directly supported by specification languages adequate for dealing with the prob
