1、raising standards worldwide NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW BSI Standards Publication BS ISO/IEC 29159-1:2010 Information technology Biometric calibration, augmentation and fusion data Part 1: Fusion information formatBS ISO/IEC 29159-1:2010 BRITISH STANDARD Na
2、tional foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO/IEC 29159-1:2010. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee IST/44, Biometrics. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication
3、 does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. BSI 2010 ISBN 978 0 580 68459 3 ICS 35.040 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This British Standard was published under the autho
4、rity of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 September 2010. Amendments issued since publication Date Text affectedBS ISO/IEC 29159-1:2010Reference number ISO/IEC 29159-1:2010(E) ISO/IEC 2010INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 29159-1 First edition 2010-09-01 Information technology Biometric
5、 calibration, augmentation and fusion data Part 1: Fusion information format Technologies de linformation talonnage biomtrique, donnes daugmentation et de fusion Partie 1: Format dinformation de fusion BS ISO/IEC 29159-1:2010 ISO/IEC 29159-1:2010(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded
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10、ster. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO/IEC 2010 All rights reservedBS ISO/IEC 29159-1:2010 ISO/IEC 29159-1:2010(E) ISO/IEC 2010 All rights reserved iiiContents P
11、age Foreword .v Introductionvi 1 Scope1 2 Conformance .1 3 Normative references1 4 Terms and definitions .1 5 Symbols and abbreviated terms 2 6 Fusion information format (FIF).3 6.1 Overview.3 6.2 Byte ordering .4 6.3 Numeric values 4 6.4 Fusion header block4 7 Common elements 8 7.1 General .8 7.2 P
12、arameter kind.8 7.3 Parameter origin 9 7.4 Distributions present 9 7.5 Number of comparisons .9 7.6 Pre-normalization flag.9 8 Type 1 record .10 8.1 Purpose 10 8.2 Format.10 8.3 Use case (Informative) 11 9 Type 2 record .12 9.1 Purpose 12 9.2 Format.12 9.3 Use case (Informative) 13 10 Type 3 record
13、.13 10.1 Purpose 13 10.2 Format.14 Annex A (informative) Document Overview .16 Annex B (informative) Example Cumulative Distribution Functions.18 Annex C (informative) Use of pre-normalized data20 Annex D (informative) Source for evaluation of spline .22 Bibliography23 Figures Figure 1 Schematic rep
14、resentation of fusion information format usage.vii Figure B.1 Example CDFs and their spline representations .19 Figure C.1 Example CDFs of internal comparison scores and pre-normalized scores .20 BS ISO/IEC 29159-1:2010 ISO/IEC 29159-1:2010(E) iv ISO/IEC 2010 All rights reservedTables Table 1 Fusion
15、 information format record structure3 Table 2 Fusion header block structure 3 Table 3 Type 1 record structure3 Table 4 Type 2 record structure4 Table 5 Type 3 record structure4 Table 6 Textual representation of numerical value 4 Table 7 The fusion header block 5 Table 8 CBEFF Product Identifiers.6 T
16、able 9 Database identifiers6 Table 10 Database quality values.7 Table 11 Score sense codes .8 Table 12 Identifiers for statistical quantities .8 Table 13 Origins of statistical data.9 Table 14 Distribution information present.9 Table 15 Pre-normalization codes10 Table 16 Subtype A format10 Table 17
17、Type 1 record format10 Table 18 Subtype B format12 Table 19 Type 2 record format12 Table 20 Subtype C format14 Table 21 Type 3 record format14 Table A.1 Fusion information format type taxonomy.16 BS ISO/IEC 29159-1:2010 ISO/IEC 29159-1:2010(E) ISO/IEC 2010 All rights reserved vForeword ISO (the Inte
18、rnational Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has
19、 been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical s
20、tandardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies
21、 for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or
22、 all such patent rights. ISO/IEC 29159-1 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 37, Biometrics. ISO/IEC 29159 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology Biometric calibration, augmentation and fusion data:
23、 Fusion information format BS ISO/IEC 29159-1:2010 ISO/IEC 29159-1:2010(E) vi ISO/IEC 2010 All rights reservedIntroduction Biometric systems embed disparate technologies and comparison algorithms. Although some of these have been published, most are entirely proprietary. Most current verification or
24、 identification applications employ a single biometric modality. That is, information is acquired from a body part or an exhibited behavior with the intent of more or less uniquely identifying the individual. For example, an access control system can image the hand and use geometrical features. A so
25、cial benefits program can collect fingerprints from applicants as input to a one-to-many duplicate search. Different biometric modes offer varying amounts of discriminative information and have different acquisition related problems. The effect is that biometric systems are to some extent fallible a
26、nd, moreover, they exhibit different failure modes. This affords opportunities to combine technologies or algorithms to improve performance and/or usability. Such combination is known as fusion. Fusion can be multi-modal (e.g. observing the biometric characteristics, face and finger), multi-algorith
27、mic (e.g. face recognition algorithms A and B), multi-instance (e.g. index finger and thumb), multi-sensorial (e.g. optical and ultrasound fingerprint sensor) or multi-presentation (e.g. three images of a users face). This part of ISO/IEC 29159 addresses the most common and most readily implemented
28、method of fusion: score-level fusion. This is implemented after two or more systems have processed and matched an individuals biometric information to one or more enrolled samples and produced scalar comparison scores as output. The scores can be either genuine (same-person) or impostor (different-p
29、erson) scores and a fusion scheme is designed to combine such scores so that the class boundary between genuine and impostor scores is refined. Distributions of comparison scores are unique to each biometric comparison subsystem. Score ranges and the shapes of the distributions can differ greatly. F
30、usion is often implemented in two ways. In classification-based processes, the available comparison scores are combined directly to produce an output decision or score. In normalization-based processes, fusion is preceded by a transformation of each score to a common domain. Simple normalization tec
31、hniques based on statistical parameters such as the mean and standard deviation are sometimes effective, but more sophisticated techniques utilize detailed knowledge of the entire score distribution. The fusion information format (FIF) defined in this part of ISO/IEC 29159 is intended to flexibly su
32、pport any of the popular transformations. By establishing a standardized means of data exchange, this part of ISO/IEC 29159 supports a modular approach to biometric systems integration in which both the comparison and fusion algorithms remain protected as black-box pieces of intellectual property. T
33、hus this part of ISO/IEC 29159 envisages an application in which two (or more) underlying acquisition and comparison technologies (hand geometry and fingerprint, for example) each generate a score which is fed to a fusion module which has been initialized with an appropriate instance of the FIF defi
34、ned herein. Figure 1 depicts the logical role of the records in a (notional) multimodal fusion process. This part of ISO/IEC 29159 defines containers for the distributional score information from a comparison subsystem. It does not allow for joint distributional data that can fully capture the stati
35、stical properties of multivariate scores (i.e. those from two or more vendors subsystems or modalities). This means that multimodal fusion is not supported by a description of the joint distributions of the biometric scores. This is often a minor limitation because different modalities are often ass
36、umed to be independent. Even when the scores are not independent, as is the case for multi-algorithm applications, score-level fusion techniques often remain effective, even if they are not optimal. This part of ISO/IEC 29159 is intended to support interoperability and data interchange among biometr
37、ics applications and systems. As such it specifies requirements that solve the complexities of applying biometrics to a wide variety of personal recognition applications, whether such applications operate in an open systems environment or consist of a single, closed system. Open systems are built on
38、 standards based, publicly defined data formats, interfaces, and protocols to facilitate data interchange and interoperability with other BS ISO/IEC 29159-1:2010 ISO/IEC 29159-1:2010(E) ISO/IEC 2010 All rights reserved viisystems, which can include components of different design or manufacture. A cl
39、osed system can also be built on publicly defined standards, and can include components of different design or manufacture, but inherently has no requirement for data interchange and interoperability with any other system. Biometric data interchange format standards and biometric interface standards
40、 are both necessary to achieve full data interchange and interoperability for biometric recognition in an open systems environment. The biometric International Standards developed within JTC 1/SC 37 form a layered set of International Standards consisting of biometric data interchange formats and bi
41、ometric interfaces, as well as application profiles that describe the use of these International Standards in specific application areas. Figure 1 Schematic representation of fusion information format usage Initialization Initialization Fusion module FIF Record for Face Comparison Subsystem FIF Reco
42、rd for Finger Comparison Subsystem Biometric reference (image or template) generated at enrolment Biometric probe (image or template) generated for verification or identification Biometric reference (image or template) generated at enrolment Face comparison subsystem Finger comparison subsystem Scor
43、e Score Component or data supplied by vendor A Component or data supplied by vendor B Component or data supplied by vendor C Biometric probe (image or template) generated for verification or identification Decision Logic BS ISO/IEC 29159-1:2010BS ISO/IEC 29159-1:2010 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 2
44、9159-1:2010(E) ISO/IEC 2010 All rights reserved 1Information technology Biometric calibration, augmentation and fusion data Part 1: Fusion information format 1 Scope This part of ISO/IEC 29159 specifies a biometric fusion information format that establishes machine readable data formats to describe
45、the statistics of comparison score inputs to a fusion process. This part of ISO/IEC 29159 does not standardize comparison-score normalization processes, nor standardize or define fusion processes. 2 Conformance Records are conformant to this part of ISO/IEC 29159 if they conform to all normative req
46、uirements of Clause 6. This requires conformance to either Clause 8, 9, or 10, each of which requires conformance to the stated subclauses of Clause 7. 3 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edi
47、tion cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. IEEE 754-2008, IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic ISO/IEC 19785-1:2006, Information technology Common Biometric Exchange Formats Framework Part 1: Data element speci
48、fication ISO/IEC 19794-1:2006, Information technology Biometric data interchange formats Part 1: Framework 4 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 19794-1 and the following apply. 4.1 biometric sample analog or digital representation of b
49、iometric characteristics prior to biometric feature extraction NOTE A biometric capture device is a biometric capture subsystem with a single component. BS ISO/IEC 29159-1:2010 ISO/IEC 29159-1:2010(E) 2 ISO/IEC 2010 All rights reserved4.2 cumulative distribution function probability that a variate takes on a value less than or equal to a number 4.3 genuine score comparison score from comparison of two samples from one person 4.4 impostor score comparison s
