1、PD CEN/TR 15932:2010 ICS 01.040.83; 83.080.01 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW PUBLISHED DOCUMENT Plastics Recommendation for terminology and characterisation of biopolymers and bioplasticsThis Published Document was published under the authority of the Standard
2、s Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2010 BSI 2010 ISBN 978 0 580 66990 3 Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Comments PD CEN/TR 15932:2010 National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 15932:2010. The UK participation in its preparation was entr
3、usted to Technical Committee PRI/10, Terminology for rubbers and plastics. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct
4、 application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.PD CEN/TR 15932:2010TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 15932 March 2010 ICS 01.040; 83.080.01 English Version Plastics - Recommendation for terminology and characterisation of bi
5、opolymers and bioplastics Plastiques - Recommandations pour la terminologie et la caractrisation des biopolymres et bioplastiques This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 17 August 2009. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 249. CEN members are the national standards bodies of
6、Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
7、EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 15932:2010: EPD CEN/
8、TR 15932:2010 CEN/TR 15932:2010 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Commonly used terms 5 2.1 “Bio”polymers: polymers based on renewable raw materials .5 2.1.1 General 5 2.1.2 Natural polymers from biomass .6 2.1.3 Synthetic polymers derived from biomass .6 2.2 “Bio”polymers:
9、polymers exhibiting a “bio” - functionality .6 2.2.1 Polymers for biomedical applications .6 2.2.2 Biodegradable polymers .6 2.3 Consequences .7 2.4 Public perception .7 3 Standardisation needs 8 3.1 Recommendation for terminology .8 3.1.1 General 8 3.1.2 Definitions of terms .8 3.1.2.1 Organic mate
10、rial .8 3.1.2.2 Polymer .8 3.1.2.3 Plastic 8 3.1.2.4 Renewable resource 8 3.1.2.5 Biomass 8 3.1.2.6 Biobased .8 3.1.2.7 Biobased carbon content 9 3.1.2.8 Biomass content 9 3.1.2.9 Biocompatible .9 3.1.2.10 Biodegradable 9 3.1.2.11 Biobased polymer 9 3.1.2.12 Biocomposite 9 3.2 Standard test methods
11、9 3.3 Standard designation of the term biopolymer . 10 Bibliography . 12 PD CEN/TR 15932:2010 CEN/TR 15932:2010 (E) 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 15932:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 249 “Plastics”, the secretariat of which is held by NBN. Attention is drawn to the possibil
12、ity that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document is a working document. PD CEN/TR 15932:2010 CEN/TR 15932:2010 (E) 4 Introduction The main reason of the re
13、cent interest in bioplastics is due to the origin (i.e. use of biobased raw materials) or to the biodegradability of the final products, needed for instance for organic recovery. The use of biobased raw materials could be beneficial with reference to two current problems: fossil resources depletion
14、and climate change. Today, regarding the latter issue, we have to manage the carbon in order to avoid its accumulation in atmosphere. Efficient use of all available resources and responsible utilization of renewable carbon is a way to participate to this reduction. Plastics are important materials w
15、hich contribute significantly to environmental protection: thanks to their tailor-made properties (e.g. light weight, excellent insulation ability, tunable properties for optimum food protection, etc.) they reduce energy use by 26 % and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 56 % across variety of appli
16、cations compared to alternatives 1) . The global manufacture of plastics in all applications only uses a small part of the entire consumed mineral oil: in Europe, it makes up only about 4 % 2) . The major fraction ( 80 %) of the residual fossil material is used for energy production, predominantly f
17、or transportation and heating purposes. Besides crude oil, natural gas and coal, biomass is an additional raw material source for plastics. The currently available biomass is consumed in different segments: food and feed production, power and heat generation, biofuel production and industrial applic
18、ations (e.g. production of paper, fine chemicals). Due to the limited capacity of ecosystems, the utilization efficiency of renewable resources and availability issues have to be addressed across the whole bio-economy landscape. The eco-efficiency in this competitive use (e.g. energetic use vs. manu
19、facture of goods) should always be in focus. According to various scientists 3) , it would appear appropriate to use agricultural raw materials predominantly in a cascade of uses, instead of burning them directly in furnaces or engines. That would mean, for example, first producing a bioplastic from
20、 biomass: around 2 t to 10 t of bioplastic can be produced per hectare of agriculture land. The bioplastic thereby stores CO 2in the form of vegetable carbon and removes it from atmosphere. It would be desirable to trap this CO 2in the plastic for as long as possible. Finally, after maximum utilizat
21、ion including recycling when achievable and appropriate, the polymer can then be used either as energy source or as soil improver to return the bound carbon to the natural cycle in the form of CO 2 . In order to ensure responsible and environmentally conscious use of natural (fossil and renewable) r
22、esources, a clear and unambiguous terminology is of particular importance. 1) GUA Gesellschaft fr umfassende Analysen, “The Contribution of Plastic Products to Resource Efficiency,” Vienna, 2005. 2) PlasticsEurope, WG Market Research 109-115). PD CEN/TR 15932:2010 CEN/TR 15932:2010 (E) 5 1 Scope Thi
23、s Technical Teport gives recommendations for bioplastics and biopolymers related terminology. These recommendations are based on a discussion of commonly used terms in this field. This Technical Report also briefly describes the current test methods state of the art in relation to the characterizati
24、on of bioplastics and products made thereof. 2 Commonly used terms 2.1 “Bio”polymers: polymers based on renewable raw materials 2.1.1 General In this context, the “bio-“prefix is used as an abbreviation of “derived from biomass” or “obtained from renewable raw materials“. The term biopolymer then id
25、entifies polymers which derive from organic matter constituting living organisms and their residues 4) . Biomass is considered as a renewable resource. A renewable resource is replenished by natural processes at a rate comparable to its exploitation rate. The carbon content of such polymers is deriv
26、ed from the so-called short carbon cycle (expected time frame: 1 year to 10 years; see Figure 1). Most industrial polymers and plastics are presently produced starting from fossil resources which are non-renewable as they cannot be replenished at a rate comparable to the exploitation rate (long carb
27、on cycle, expected time frame to convert biomass to petroleum, gas and coal: 10 6years). Figure 1 Global Carbon Cycling 5)4) EC DECISION (2007/589/EC) of 18 July 2007: biomass means non-fossilised and biodegradable organic material originating from plants, animals and micro-organisms. 5) Narayan, Ra
28、mani, Biobased and Biodegradable Materials, Rationale, Drivers it does not depend on the origin of the raw materials. So, there are different fossil-based materials in the market which are biodegradable according to the above mentioned standards; and on the other hand, there are also existing polyme
29、rs which are made from biomass and are highly resistant to biodegradation. One historically relevant example is polycaprolactone (PLC) which is industrially prepared starting from cyclohexanone, a typical petrochemical. The biodegradability of PCL in several environments has been well known, since t
30、he seventies. 2.3 Consequences As a consequence of the current ambiguity, a same word is used to designate polymers or plastics, products with very different properties, where all the possible combinations are present (Table 1). Table 1 Use of term “biopolymer“ Origin of material Environmental perfo
31、rmance Example Renewable Biodegradable Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Non-renewable Biodegradable Polycaprolactone (PCL) Renewable Non-biodegradable Polyethylene (PE) from sugar cane Non-renewable Non-biodegradable Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) for biomedical applications 2.4 Public perception The “bio-“
32、prefix is often considered as a synonym of good for the environment, or in another situation, good for health. The prefix “bio“, when associated with plastics, can be perceived by the consumers as an indication of biodegradability. In other words, a “biopolymer” is expected to biodegrade (to disappe
33、ar in nature). On the other hand, the term biopolymer also strongly conveys the idea of natural origin, as “bio” is taken as an indication of the biological world. An analogy is the term “biofuel” universally taken as implying a fuel derived from renewable resources. However, as we have seen before,
34、 all the different classes (Table 1) are actually present in the marketplace or will soon be present. This is a cause of concern as it can be the source of misleading information and confusion for the final consumers. Especially for the end-of-life management of bioplastics, it is important to diffe
35、rentiate between biodegradable and long-lasting bioplastics. For this reason an indication of biodegradability via an appropriate marking is a good contribution towards more clarity. Claims of compostability (i.e. biodegradability in industrial composting facilities) of packaging are regulated by th
36、e requirements of the European Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste 94/62/EC and of the harmonised standard EN 13432. Current waste management is more and more based on the collection of waste separated at source. The decision whether a packaging is to be put in the “bio-bin” is made on the ba
37、sis of the existing legislation and/or on the basis of available information such as the recovery option(s) stated on the package. The dissemination of confusing, ambiguous or misleading information should be prevented in order not to jeopardize the success of such waste collection and treatment schemes as well as the credibility of industry itself. Claims of biodegradability should be supported by appropriate standards.
