1、raising standards worldwide NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW BSI Standards Publication PD CEN/TR 16149:2011 Guidance Document for drafting CEN/TC 158 StandardsPD CEN/TR 16149:2011 PUBLISHED DOCUMENT National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementat
2、ion of CEN/TR 16149:2011. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e P H / 6 , H e a d p r o t e c t i o n . A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to inclu
3、de all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. BSI 2011 ISBN 978 0 580 71866 3 ICS 13.340.20 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards
4、 Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 June 2011. Amendments issued since publication Date T e x t a f f e c t e dPD CEN/TR 16149:2011TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 16149 March 2011 ICS 13.340.20 English Version Guidance Document for drafting CEN/TC 158 Standards Documen
5、t directeur pour la rdaction des normes CEN/TC 158 Leitfaden fr die Erarbeitung von Normen des CEN/TC 158This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 27 December 2010. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 158. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulga
6、ria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR
7、STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 16149:2011: EPD CEN/TR 16149:2011 CEN/TR 16
8、149:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 4 Introduction .5 1 General 6 2 Type of injuries 6 3 Areas of coverage, areas to be protected and areas to be tested 6 4 Field of vision .7 5 Helmet sizes .8 6 Ventilation .8 7 Mass 8 8 Comfort .8 9 Skin irritation 9 10 Innocuousness of materials .9 11 Ignitabil
9、ity / Flame resistance .9 12 Corrosion 9 13 Combined and combination PPE and accessories 9 14 Compatibility with other headgear 10 15 Compatibility with other PPE . 10 16 Shock absorption 10 17 Rotational effects 10 18 Penetration 11 19 Crush and rigidity . 11 20 Retention system strength 12 21 Rete
10、ntion system effectiveness 12 22 Radiant heat 13 23 Electrical and electrostatic properties . 13 24 Protection against molten metal . 14 25 Testing scheme . 14 26 Pre-conditioning . 15 27 Conditioning 15 28 Pre-requisites for the testing . 15 29 Sizes of headforms . 15 30 Application of the uncertai
11、nty of measurement 16 31 Marking and labelling . 16 32 Information to be supplied by the manufacturer for users 17 PD CEN/TR 16149:2011 CEN/TR 16149:2011 (E) 3 33 Life of helmet . 18 34 Terms and definitions . 18 35 Annex ZA of the PPE Directive 19 Annex A (informative) Combined and combination PPE
12、and accessories . 20 Annex B (informative) Application of uncertainty of measurement 21 Bibliography 23 PD CEN/TR 16149:2011 CEN/TR 16149:2011 (E) 4 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 16149:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 158 “Head Protection”, the secretariat of which is held by B
13、SI. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. PD CEN/TR 16149:2011 CEN/TR 16149:2011 (E) 5 Introduction This document has been p
14、roduced by the convenors of CEN/TC158 working groups. It is intended to serve as a guide, to be consulted when drafting new EN standards for head protection and when revising or amending existing ones. Whilst implementation of its contents is not mandatory, working groups are urged not to make devia
15、tions from this guidance document without good cause. This is a living document omissions will be covered in later issues. In this document, reference is made to CEN/TR 16148, Head and neck impact, burn and noise injury criteria A Guide for CEN helmet standards committees. This gives further guidanc
16、e about the areas of the head which helmet standards should aim to protect, and about head and neck injuries. The working group should assess the foreseeable risks against which the helmet should provide protection. Each of the helmet standards should provide for a helmet, which will offer optimum p
17、rotection to the head against these foreseeable risks and should satisfy the Basic Health and Safety Requirements of EU Directive 89/686/EEC to the extent indicated in Annex ZA of the helmet standard. Helmet standards should indicate, in an informative annex, how the level of performance requirement
18、s specified relates to the severity of injury to be tolerated. Working groups should refer to CEN/TR 16148 when drafting this annex. Reference is also made to EN 13087 (all parts), Protective helmets Test methods. This standard provides harmonized methods of test for many of the topics listed below.
19、 The various parts of EN 13087 are listed in the Bibliography. PD CEN/TR 16149:2011 CEN/TR 16149:2011 (E) 6 1 General Typically, a helmet standard will include a Requirements section and a Testing section. 1.1 Requirements section The topics listed below should always be addressed, as a minimum. Oth
20、er requirements, not included here, will be dependent upon the type of helmet for which the standard is being written. The choice of performance requirements should be based upon the risk to the wearer and the ability to perform the tasks to be undertaken whilst wearing the helmet. It is recommended
21、 that these criteria be stated in the introduction to the helmet standard (and possibly also in the Scope) so that the risks and work activities that the standard intends to cover are made clear. It may also be useful to state the injury level that is regarded as tolerable when the helmet meets its
22、performance requirements. This needs to be phrased with care it should not suggest that it can replace the need for the user to conduct their own risk assessment before choosing/using a helmet, nor should it exclude the helmet from carefully considered use outside its primary field of use. The level
23、 of performance requirement should be based upon the severity of injury to be tolerated. Refer to CEN/TR 16148 for specific guidance on the relevant topic. If there is a performance requirement then there must be a corresponding test method. 1.2 Testing section Before specifying a test for a particu
24、lar requirement, check to see if there is a relevant part of EN 13087. If there is not, or if the EN 13087 method is not considered suitable by the WG, then the WG should write a test method and include it in the helmet standard. 2 Type of injuries This topic is covered in CEN/TR 16148. 3 Areas of c
25、overage, areas to be protected and areas to be tested The following three areas are variously mentioned in many helmet standards. For the purpose of this document, they are defined and explained as follows. 1) Area to be tested - the area /points on the helmet which will be subjected to a performanc
26、e test (not only a visual assessment). This area may include ventilation features. 2) Area to be protected - the area/points on a head or headform for which protection is intended/deemed to be provided by the helmet. This area should correspond to the parts of the head that are intended to be protec
27、ted from injury, as described at the end of this section. The helmet standard should specify performance and, if necessary, constructional requirements for all areas designated as areas to be protected. It is preferable for the area to be protected to be entirely described by the area to be tested,
28、i.e. to be defined only by performance requirements. However, if performance testing of some parts of the area to be protected is deemed by the working group to be too complex or difficult, then a constructional requirement may be used e.g. specify a minimum thickness of the shell or liner or both a
29、nd that the shell or liner or both shall be of the same density and material as within the test area. Such a constructional requirement should be carefully considered, and in particular the PD CEN/TR 16149:2011 CEN/TR 16149:2011 (E) 7 validity of the assumption, that a similar thickness of shell or
30、liner or both at different points on the helmet will afford similar impact performance at those different points, should be examined. Therefore, the area to be protected will include, but may extend beyond, the area to be tested by a performance test, (1) above. 3) Area of coverage, extent of covera
31、ge - the area/points on a head or headform which are intended to be covered by the helmet; currently assessed visually in several helmet standards. These, and similar, terms should not be used within helmet standards because they are not relevant to the protective function of the helmet. They are su
32、bjective, cause confusion and lead to differences in interpretation. For each performance requirement (e.g. shock absorption, resistance to penetration, etc), the working group should determine requirements for areas (1) and (2). These should be defined and assessed using the appropriate test headfo
33、rm, specified in the helmet standard. For example, EN 1078:1997 states specifically: “4.4 Shock absorbing capacity The helmet shall give protection to the forehead, rear, sides, temples and crown of the head.” Standards should be no less descriptive than this example and should consider the need to
34、be more descriptive with reference to N551. For example, use of terms such as “temporal region“, “parietal region“ and “occipital region“ should be encouraged; if the Committee believes that this gives a more precise definition for the purpose of protection. Furthermore, if one part of the head is d
35、eemed to be more vulnerable or more susceptible to injury for a given dose (for example force, acceleration) then the committee should consider this and prescribe different requirements for the different parts. For example it is known that an impact in the temporal region is likely to be more in inj
36、urious than an equivalent impact to the occipital region. The committee should be precise about the requirements for the area of protection if this is defined to be greater than the test area. It is not sufficient simply to define an area of protection without defining the requirements for that area
37、. As is noted in Clause 13 (and in sections W and X of Annex A), parts of the helmet (and accessories) may, or may not, have a protective function. Where part of the helmet or an accessory is not designed to protect it must not reduce the level of protection afforded by any other part of the helmet.
38、 In practice, this will often mean that the helmet should be tested with the non-protective part of the helmet or accessory fitted. 4 Field of vision There will generally be a need to define at least a minimum requirement for the field of vision, since there is a balance between the protection from
39、impact etc. and the risk of the field of vision being too small to be safe. The working group should specify the requirements for field of vision that are relevant for the particular type of helmet. In many types of helmet, requirements for field of vision may compromise both the area of the head to
40、 be protected and the area of the helmet to be tested for shock absorption and/or penetration. Examples of field of vision requirements in helmet Standards include: Motorcycle helmets (UN ECE 22 05) upward 7o from top of eyes, downward 45o from bottom of eyes, horizontally +/-52.5o. This reflects th
41、e need to protect the forehead and the lack of need to view very far upward to see the road, etc. The same requirement is used for snowmobile/bobsleigh helmets (EN 13781:2001) for the same reasons. Ice hockey helmets (EN ISO 10256:2003) - upward 35o from top of eyes, horizontally +/-45o. Here there
42、is a greater need for upward vision, while there is no chin-guard so downward vision has not been specified. PD CEN/TR 16149:2011 CEN/TR 16149:2011 (E) 8 A useful reference for general fields of vision for different tasks is EN 894-2:1997, Safety of machinery Ergonomics requirements for the design o
43、f displays and control actuators Part 2: Displays. Subclauses 4.1.1 and 4.1.2 define three zones of decreasing efficiency for visual signal detection and monitoring tasks; recommended zone a cone with 30o internal angle; acceptable zone between a cone with 30o and 60o internal angle; and not suitabl
44、e zone outside a cone with 60o internal angle. Of course, for many helmet applications peripheral vision outside the 60o cone is still needed (e.g. the Standards above). Requirements for field of vision should use the test method given in EN 13087-6. 5 Helmet sizes Helmet standards should specify wh
45、ich requirements are to be satisfied for particular sizes, or for ranges of helmet sizes, relevant to the population of intended wearers. If ranges of sizes is preferred, it may be useful to refer in the standard to “helmet type”, i.e. “Category of helmets, which does not differ in such essential re
46、spects as the materials or dimensions or construction of the helmet, of the retention system or of the protective padding”. 6 Ventilation Ventilation features should allow air movement between the inside and outside of the helmet. Ventilation of any helmet has an important impact on comfort and wear
47、ability. However, at present, there is no recognised test method for assessing ventilation performance. In many types of helmet, requirements for ventilation may compromise both the extent of protection provided and the area of the helmet to be tested for shock absorption and/or penetration. If vent
48、ilation features are provided and are positioned within the area of the helmet to be tested for shock absorption and/or penetration, all such features should be subjected to these tests. The definition of ventilation (and non-ventilation) holes and features needs to be carefully considered and clearly worded so as to avoid ambiguities in interpretation. 7 Mass The mass of the helmet should always be made available to the user. The working group should define how and where this is done. 8 Comfort It should be remembered that comfort is a very subjective assessment. Howev
