1、BSI Standards Publication Characterization of waste Leaching behaviour test for basic characterization Dynamic monolithic leaching test with continuous leachant renewal under conditions relevant for specified scenario(s) PD CEN/TS 15864:2015National foreword This Draft for Development is the UK impl
2、ementation of CEN/TS15864:2015. It supersedes PD CEN/TS 15864:2012 which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee B/508, Waste Management, to Subcommittee B/508/3, Characterization of waste. A list of organizations represented on this committee can b
3、e obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2015. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015 ISBN 978 0 580 90135 5 ICS 13.030.10 Com
4、pliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 December 2015. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affected PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD CEN/TS
5、15864:2015 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION CEN/TS 15864 November 2015 ICS 13.030.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 15864:2012 English Version Characterization of waste - Leaching behaviour test for basic characterization - Dynamic monolithic leaching test with continuous l
6、eachant renewal under conditions relevant for specified scenario(s) Caractrisation des dchets - Essais de comportement la lixiviation pour la caractrisation de base - Essai de lixiviation dynamique des monolithes avec renouvellement continu du lixiviant dans des conditions pertinentes pour des scnar
7、ios spcifis Charakterisierung von Abfllen - Untersuchung des Elutionsverhaltens fr die grundlegende Charakterisierung - Dynamisches Elutionsverfahren fr monolithische Abflle mit kontinuierlicher Erneuerung des Elutionsmittels unter Bedingungen fr festgelegte Szenarien This Technical Specification (C
8、EN/TS) was approved by CEN on 19 October 2015 for provisional application. The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a
9、 European Standard. CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until t
10、he final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Icela
11、nd, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Manage
12、ment Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TS 15864:2015 E PD CEN/TS 15864:2015CEN/TS 15864:2015 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 4 Introduction 5 1 Scope 7 2 Normati
13、ve references 7 3 Terms and definitions . 8 4 Principle 11 5 Reagents 12 6 Equipment 12 6.1 General . 12 6.2 Laboratory equipment . 12 7 Sample preparation . 13 7.1 General . 13 7.2 Preparation of the test portion . 14 7.3 Determination of the geometric surface area 14 8 Procedure 14 8.1 Testing con
14、ditions . 14 8.1.1 General case (intermediate range of renewal rate) 14 8.1.2 Particular case “critical renewal rate” . 16 8.1.3 Particular case “low renewal rate” 16 8.1.4 Particular case under fixed conditions when no specific scenario is under consideration (“not scenario-related”) 16 8.2 Test pr
15、ocedure 17 8.3 Contact periods collection scheme . 18 8.4 Weight loss of the monolithic waste during the test . 18 8.5 Further preparation of the eluates for analysis 18 8.6 Blank test 19 9 Calculations 19 9.1 Expression of results . 19 9.1.1 General . 19 9.1.2 Expression of results in concentration
16、s. 19 9.1.3 Expression of result in terms of surface related release . 20 9.2 Average surface-related release rate 20 10 Performance characteristics 21 11 Documentation and test report. 21 11.1 General . 21 11.2 General data . 21 11.3 Leaching test conditions 21 11.4 Analytical report 22 11.5 Result
17、s of the leaching test . 22 Annex A (informative) Identification of release mechanisms and use of test results 23 A.1 Introduction . 23 A.2 Examples of factors influencing the leaching of monolithic waste 23 PD CEN/TS 15864:2015CEN/TS 15864:2015 (E) 3 A.3 Long term release prediction . 26 Annex B (n
18、ormative) Particular case “renewal rate without retro-action” . 27 B.1 Introduction 27 B.2 Determination of the critical surface-related flow rate . 27 Annex C (informative) Examples of scheme of installation 29 Annex D (normative) Particular case “low renewal rate” . 31 D.1 Introduction 31 D.2 Proc
19、edure 31 Annex E (informative) Process map for CEN/TS 15864 . 33 Bibliography . 35 PD CEN/TS 15864:2015CEN/TS 15864:2015 (E) 4 European foreword This document (CEN/TS 15864:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 292 “Characterization of waste”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
20、 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes CEN/TS 15864:2012. The following significant technical change has been impl
21、emented in this new edition of the text: the steps/fractions for eluates collection have been harmonized with EN 15863. This document has been developed primarily to support the requirements for leaching behaviour testing within EU and EFTA countries. This document was elaborated on the basis of: AF
22、NOR XP X30-450:2002; AFNOR XP X30-467:2002; AFNOR XP X30-469:2007. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denma
23、rk, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. PD CEN/TS 15864
24、:2015CEN/TS 15864:2015 (E) 5 Introduction This document specifies a dynamic leaching test for monolithic waste materials, to determine key parameters to address the leaching behaviour of monolithic waste materials. For the complete characterization of the leaching behaviour of waste under specified
25、conditions the application of other test methods is required (see EN 12920). Anyone dealing with waste and sludge analysis should be aware of the typical risks of that kind of material irrespective of the parameter to be determined. Waste and sludge samples can contain hazardous (e.g. toxic, reactiv
26、e, flammable, infectious) substances, which can be liable to biological and/or chemical reaction. Consequently these samples should be handled with special care. Gases which can be produced by microbiological or chemical activity are potentially flammable and will pressurize sealed bottles. Bursting
27、 bottles are likely to result in hazardous shrapnel, dust and/or aerosol. National regulations should be followed with respect to all hazards associated with this method. In the different European countries, tests have been developed to characterize and assess the constituents which can be leached f
28、rom waste materials. The release of soluble constituents upon contact with water is regarded as one of the main mechanism of release which results in a potential risk to the environment during life-cycle of waste materials (disposal or re-use scenario). The intent of these tests is to identify the l
29、eaching properties of waste materials. The complexity of the leaching process makes simplifications necessary. Not all of the relevant aspects of leaching behaviour can be addressed in one single standard. Procedures to characterize the behaviour of waste materials can generally be divided into thre
30、e steps, using different tests in relation to the objective. The following test hierarchy is taken from the Landfill Directive 1)and the Decision on Annex II of this Directive 2)for disposal of waste. a) Basic characterization constitutes a full characterization of the waste by gathering all the nec
31、essary information for a safe management of the waste in the short and long term. Basic characterization may provide information on the waste (type and origin, composition, consistency, leachability, etc.), information for understanding the behaviour of waste in the considered management scenario, c
32、omparison of waste properties against limit values, and detection of key variables (critical parameters as liquid/solid (L/S) ratios, leachant composition, factors controlling leachability such as pH, redox potential, complexing capacity and physical parameters) for compliance testing and options fo
33、r simplification of compliance testing. Characterization may deliver ratios between test results from basic characterization and results from simplified test procedures as well as information on a suitable frequency for compliance testing. In addition to the leaching behaviour, the composition of th
34、e waste should be known or determined by testing. The tests used for basic characterization should always include those to be used for compliance testing. b) Compliance testing is used to demonstrate that the sample of today fits the population of samples tested before by basic characterization and
35、through that, is used to carry out compliance with regulatory limit values. The compliance test should therefore always be part of the basic characterization program. The compliance test focuses on key variables and leaching behaviour identified by basic characterization tests. Parts of basic charac
36、terization tests can also be used for compliance purposes. 1) Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste. 2) Council Decision 2003/33/EC of 19 December 2002. PD CEN/TS 15864:2015CEN/TS 15864:2015 (E) 6 c) On-site verification tests are used as a rapid check to confirm tha
37、t the waste is the same as that which has been subjected to characterization or compliance tests. On-site verification tests are not necessarily leaching tests. The test procedure described in this document is a basic characterization test and falls in category a). According to EN 12920 the evaluati
38、on of the release of constituents from waste materials in a certain scenario involves the performance of various tests. This document describes one of the parametric test that can be used for such purposes, especially for monolithic waste. The test procedure allows the determination of the release u
39、nder dynamic conditions of constituents from a monolithic waste material, as a function of time. This release is calculated from the concentrations of the constituents measured in the solution (eluate) that is collected in a certain number of separate fractions. The composition, the temperature and
40、the renewal rate of this solution are chosen for the test in order to study the behaviour of the waste material under fixed conditions when no specific scenario is under consideration or according to the conditions defined by the disposal or utilization scenario under consideration. Three main range
41、s of renewal rates can be distinguished and addressed by this document: high renewal rate above a so-called “critical renewal rate” for which the released elements do not influence the release (so-called “no retro-action situation”); “low renewal rate” which corresponds to a quasi “saturation” of th
42、e solution in the reactor in order to reach stationary conditions (i.e. close to “saturation” equilibrium); intermediate range for which the released elements influence the release, but the concentrations remain significantly below saturation. Results of this test, combined with those from other tes
43、ts (e.g. EN 14429) and the use of more or less sophisticated models, allow the identification of the main leaching mechanisms that can be distinguished, such as diffusion, dissolution of constituents, initial surface wash-off, dissolution of the matrix (see Annex A). These intrinsic properties can b
44、e used to predict the release of constituents at a given time frame, in order to assess the leaching behaviour of monolithic waste materials in practical situations or scenarios as defined in EN 12920. NOTE At low L/A conditions, pore water conditions in monolithic specimens can be approached. PD CE
45、N/TS 15864:2015CEN/TS 15864:2015 (E) 7 1 Scope This Technical Specification is applicable for determining the leaching behaviour of monolithic wastes under dynamic conditions. The test is performed under experimental conditions relevant to assess the leaching behaviour in view of the considered scen
46、ario(s). This test is aimed at determining the release as a function of time of inorganic constituents from a monolithic waste, when it is put into contact with an aqueous solution (leachant). In general, the composition, the temperature and the continuous renewal rate of the leachant are chosen suc
47、h that the leaching behaviour of the waste material can be studied in view of the considered disposal or recovery scenario. When the release needs to be determined without any reference to a specific scenario, the leachant is demineralized water, the temperature and the continuous renewal rate are f
48、ixed. This dynamic monolithic leaching test (DMLT) is a parameter specific test as specified in EN 12920 and is therefore not aimed at simulating real situations. The application of this test method alone is not sufficient for the determination of the detailed leaching behaviour of a monolithic wast
49、e under specified conditions. In the framework of EN 12920 and in combination with additional chemical information, the test results are used to identify the leaching mechanisms and their relative importance. The intrinsic properties can be used to predict the release of constituents at a given time frame, in order to assess the leaching behaviour of monolithic waste materials, placed in different situations or scenarios (including disposal and recycling scenarios). The test method applies to regularly shaped test portions of monolithic wastes wit
