1、API PUBL*1629 93 0732290 0516214 261 Guide for Assessing and Remediating Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soils API PUBLICATION 1629 FIRST EDITION, OCTOBER 1993 nEcT Strategies for To * day 5- Environmental Partnership American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street, Northwest #) Washington, D.C. 20005 I API PU
2、BLrLb29 93 m 0732290 05Lb215 1TB m Guide for Assessing and Remediating Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soils Manufacturing, DistributSon and Marketing Department API PUBLICATION 1629 FIRST EDITION, OCTOBER 1993 American Petroleum Institute I API PUBL*Lb29 93 0732290 05Lb2Lb 03Lt SPECIAL NOTES 1. API PUBLI
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8、RT- MENT TELEPHONE (202) 682-8000. A CATALOG OF API PUBLICATIONS AND MATERIALS IS PUBLISHED ANNUALLY AND UPDATED QUARTERLY BY API, 1220 L STREET, N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005. Copyright O 1993 American Petroleum Institute API PUBLtLb29 93 0732290 05Lb2L7 T70 D FOREWORD This publication provides gene
9、ral information regarding site and release characteristics relevant to and methods for assessing and remediating soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons released from underground or aboveground storage tanks. This publication is a companion document to API Publication 1628, A Guide to the Ass
10、essment and Reme- diation of Underground Petroleum Releases. Throughout this standard, soft-conversion (calculated) units are provided in parentheses following actual units. Soft-conversion units are provided for the users reference only. API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Eve
11、ry effort has been made by the institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this pub- lication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damag
12、e re- sulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict. Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the director of the Manufac- turing, Distribution and Marketing Department, American Petroleum Institute
13、, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. I API PUBL*:Lb29 93 0732290 05Lb2l18 907 = I CONTENTS Page SECTION 14NTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose and Scope 1 1.2 Background and Organization . 1 1.3 Health and Safety Considerations . 1 1.4 Regulations and Codes 2 1.5 Referenced Publications 2 SECTION 24NTE
14、RACTION OF HYDROCARBONS AND SOILS 2.1 Overview . 2.2 Characteristics of Soils 2.2.1 Soil Classification 2.2.2 Physical Properties of Soils Characteristics of Petroleum Hydrocarbons 2.3.1 Fuel Types and Constituents . 2.3.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Hydrocarbon Fuels 2.4 Migration Processes
15、 2.4.1 Hydrocarbon Phases . 2.4.2 Behavior of Hydrocarbon Phases . 2.3 2 2 3 3 6 6 8 9 9 9 SECTION 3-EMERGENCY RESPONSE AND INITIAL ABATEMENT 3.1 Overview . 15 3.2 Emergency Response and Initial Abatement Activities 15 3.2.1 Identifying Affected Areas . 15 3.2.2 Vapor Control . 15 3.2.3 Liquid Hydro
16、carbon Control 17 SECTION however, when such usage is necessary, the term is italicized and immediately defined in the text that follows. ) 1.2 Background and Organization This document was developed to complement API Publi- cation 1628, A Guide to the Assessment and Remediation of Underground Petro
17、leum Releases i, which focuses primar- ily on assessing and remediating petroleum releases that may impact groundwater. This document contains six sections. The first two sec- tions provide basic background information; Sections 3 through 6 are organized to reflect the common progression of events i
18、nvolved in identifying, assessing, and remediating soils that contain petroleum hydrocarbons. The assessment and remediation of soils exposed to petro- leum hydrocarbon releases involve the application of se- lected technologies to one or more of the following hydrocarbon phases: Section 2 describes
19、 the physical and chemical properties of soils and hydrocarbon fuels, the characteristics of soils, and the interaction between petroleum hydrocarbons and soils. It also provides some fundamental information on how hydro- carbon phases behave in soils; such information is needed for properly assessi
20、ng and confirming petroleum contamina- tion and for effectively implementing corrective action. Sec- tion 3 presents an overview of emergency response and initial abatement. Section 4 presents a generic approach for conducting a site assessment. Section 5 discusses applicable sampling and analytical
21、 methods for use in the field or lab- oratory. Section 6 presents viable corrective-action options, including descriptions of in situ and aboveground correc- tive-action technologies such as soil vacuum extraction, bioremediation, land and thermal treatment, and other proven treatment alternatives f
22、or soils containing petroleum hydrocarbons. 1.3 Health and Safety Considerations Appropriate safety precautions should always be taken at sites where soils are suspected of containing petroleum hy- drocarbons. If a hazardous condition exists, the degree of hazard should be assessed so as to avoid ph
23、ysical harm to persons in the area. For example, if hydrocarbon vapors are generated from contaminated soil, the potential for explo- sion must be determined. The mixture of hydrocarbon va- pors and oxygen could create explosive concentrations that are ignitable by a spark source, such as an electri
24、cal switch that is not designed to be intrinsically safe (explosion- proof). Periodic field monitoring with combustible gas indicators and oxygen concentration meters should be conducted at any site where the potential for explosion or fire exists (see note). Explosive vapors from the volatilization
25、 of petroleum prod- ucts in contaminated soil tend to be more dense than the sur- rounding air and can collect in an invisible layer near the ground, in excavations, or in confined spaces. Although a person can detect the presence of some vapors by smell, field monitoring by qualified personnel shou
26、ld be conducted for reliable identification and quantification (that is, the nature and extent) of the hazard. Because airborne concentrations of vapors can be affected by such variables as temperature, wind speed, rainfall, moisture, and work activities at a site, a. Liquid phase, which includes re
27、sidual hydrocarbons in soil (free product). b. Dissolved phase in soil water. c. Vapor phase. flash points. air monitoring should be repeated as site conditions and at- mospheric conditions change. Note: See Section 3 for a discussion of lower and upper explosive limits and 1 API PUBL*:Lb29 93 m 073
28、2290 05Lb222 338 m 2 API PUBLICATI For further protection against fire or explosion, all poten- tial ignition sources should be kept away from the area. Ex- plosion-proof electrical equipment or air-powered tools should be used, and safe practices should be followed during the performance of any tas
29、k that might create a hazardous at- mosphere. For additional safety, potential sparking sources (for example, excavation equipment) should be operated up- wind of the excavation, if possible. The most serious immediate hazard, by far, is the threat of fire and explosion. However, the potential for e
30、xposure to constituents in motor fuels is another health and safety con- sideration. The Occupational Safety and Health Administra- tion (OSHA) has developed regulations setting permissible limits for exposure to constituents; and guidelines for expo- sure have been developed by the National Institu
31、te for Occu- pational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 2 and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Information on exposure limits for gasoline and the com- pounds listed in Table 1 can be found by consulting the latest editions of the Occupational Safety and Health Standard
32、s 3, and the ACGIH publication Threshold Limit Values and Bi- ological Exposure Indices for 1990-1991 4. Material safety data sheets (MSDS) from the manufacturer or supplier of the material, if ideqtifiable, should also be reviewed. The regulations and guidelines issued by OSHA, includ- ing Hazard C
33、ommunication (HAZCOM) 5 and Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) Table 1 - Examples of Petroleum Constituents Cons ti tuent Benzene Toluene Ethyl benzene Xylenes (ortho-, para-) n-Butane Pentane n-Hexane Cyclohexane n-Heptane Methylcyclohexane Iso-octane Tetraethyl lead (addi
34、tive only) I 1629 6; the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 7; NIOSH 2; and ACGIH 4 should be used in the develop- ment of a site-specific safety program. 1.4 Regulations and Codes The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has promulgated regulations 8 establishing requirements for pre
35、venting, detecting, and reporting releases or suspected re- leases and for cleaning up releases from both new and exist- ing UST systems, which are potential sources of hydrocarbon releases in soil. These regulations, Subtitle I of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), be- came effectiv
36、e December 22, 1988. They apply to under- ground tanks in which petroleum substances are stored. For wastes that may be considered hazardous under RCRA, refer to 5.4.3 of this document. States may develop their own comprehensive programs for preventing the occurrence of petroleum products in soils,
37、groundwater, and surface water that are more stringent than the federal regulations. Consequently, a particular state or lo- cal jurisdiction may have specific reporting requirements for hydrocarbon releases, assessment results, analytical results, and remediation plans and progress. Permits may als
38、o be re- quired for excavating, stockpiling, and treating soil contain- ing petroleum hydrocarbons. Details on specific state requirements can be obtained by contacting the appropriate state environmental regulatory agency or the state fire marshal. In some states (for example, California and Fiorid
39、a), county and local jurisdictions have developed their own ordinances, which may be more strin- gent than federal or state regulations. 1.5 Referenced Publications A large body of reference material was assembled and used in developing this document. A list of relevant literature is presented in in
40、 Section 7. This reference list does not rep- resent an exhaustive search but rather an accumulation of ap- plicable and readily available information relating to the subject issues. SECTION 2-INTERACTION OF HYDROCARBONS AND SOILS 2.1 Overview This section briefly describes the characteristics of di
41、fferent soils and the physical and chemical properties of typical hy- fluence the persistence and distribution of these fuels in soils. A basic understanding of how hydrocarbons behave in drocarbon fuels. It also addresses migation processes it is ex- pressed as a percentage. The following are typic
42、al total porosity values for different soils: Soil Type Range of Total Porosity Well-sorted sand or gravel 25 to 40 percent Sand and gravel, mixed 25 to 35 percent Glacial till 10 to 20 percent Clay 33 to 60 percent Porosity depends on factors such as soil particle size and shape, the manner in whic
43、h the soil particles are packed to- gether, and sorting. The porosity of soil composed of well- rounded particles of equal size will be greater than the porosity of soil containing either angular or well-rounded particles of varying sizes. In the latter case, the smaller par- ticles can fill in void
44、 space between the larger particles. The wider the range of sizes of soil particles, the lower the porosity. Porosity is also affected by the shape of the particles in the soil. Spherically shaped soil particles pack together more tightly and exhibit less porosity than particles of other shapes, suc
45、h as plates or rods. Clay particles, for example, vary in shape and do not tend to pack closely together. Thus, the total porosity of clays can be very high. The preceding discussion assumes that all the intergranu- lar void spaces of the soil material are interconnected, which is usually not the ca
46、se. The term eflective porosity refers to the ratio of the volume of interconnected voids through which fluid can flow to the total volume of the soil material. (text continued on page 6) API PUBL*iLb29 93 0732290 0536224 LOO 4 API PUBLICATION 1629 t nsaturited zone , -. . . . , . . . _. . . . . .-
47、a,:, ,.) Capillary fringe Water tableTiluctuation zone t d zone Partially saturated . . .: . . . . . . . *_ . . _ Virtually saturated ep : . ._. . -. . , . *. . :. _ :. . : , . t. . . . . _. I . . . Fully saturated Legend 0 soil particle Water Source: Modified from API Publication 1628 i. Figure 1-D
48、istribution of Water and Air in the Subsurface API PUBL*Lb29 93 m 0732290 0536225 O47 m I 5 GUIDE FOR ASSESSING AND REMEDIATING PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN SOILS 1 OO. lb0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Silt Sand 4 %sand USDA Soil Classification System Legend CH Inorganic clays of high plasticity CL Inorg
49、anic clays of low to medium plasticity ML Inorganic silts and very fine sands, silty or clayey fine sands, or clayey silts with slight plasticity SC Clayey sands, sand-clay mixtures SM Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures SP Poorly graded sands or gravelly sands, little or no fines 100 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Sand Silt Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) Source: J. Dragun, The Soil Chemistry of Hazardous Materials 20. Figure 2-Soil Textural Triangles for the USCS and USDA Soil Classification Systems API PUBL*L629 93 = 0732290 0536226
