1、 STD-APIIPETRO PUBL 340-ENGL 1777 W 0732270 0572051 LO7 I I Liquid Release Prevention and Detection Measures for Aboveground Storage Facilities Health and Environmental Affairs Department API PUBLICATION NUMBER 340 PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY: JOSEPH S. BURKE SPEC CONSULTING SERVICES 1 O WILDWOOD COV
2、ER PO BOX 912 CLIFTON PARK, NEW YORK 12065 OCTOBER 1997 American Petroleum Institute FOREWORD API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED. API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET
3、 THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANUFAC- TURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO
4、BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANU- FACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COV- ERED BY LETTERS PATENT. NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN ITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETTERS PATENT. THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST
5、LIABIL- All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher: Contact the publisher; API Publishing Services, I220 L S
6、treet, N. W, Washington, D.C. 20005. Copyright 8 1997 American Petroleum Institute iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE ARE RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS OF TIME AND EXPERTISE DURING THIS STUDY AND IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT: API STAFF CONTACT F. Dee Gavora, Health and Environmental
7、Affairs MEMBERS OF THE STORAGE TANK TASK FORCE SUBCOMMmE Jerry Bolra, Shell Oil Company Jerry Engelhardt, Santa Fe Pacific Pipeline Company Donald Gilson, Chevron Products Company Donald Hitchcock, Texaco Refining and Marketing George Loyd, Shell Oil Company William Martin, ARCO Products Company Gen
8、e Milunec, Mobil Oil Corporation James Moore, AMOC0 Oil Company Philip Myers, Chevron Research and Technology James Scott, 76 Products Company Ned Seppi, Marathon Oil Company Randy Steele, BP Oil Company James Stevenson, Phillips Pipeline Company John Thomas, Shell Oil Company Alan Wolf, Exxon Resea
9、rch and Engineering Company John Zimmer, Mobil Oil Corporation IV STD.API/PETRO PUBL U-ENGL iqw m 0732290 0572055 852 m TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Pase EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i . ES- 1 1 . INTRODUCTION . 1-1 Background 1-1 Scope of Report . 1-2 Facilities Addressed 1-3 Who Should Read This Report . 1-3 A
10、Note of Caution 1-3 2 . SELECTION CRITERIA 2-1 General Approach 2-1 Consideration of Selection Criteria . 2-2 3 . DESIGN OF THE TABLES 3-1 Overview 3-1 References to Cost . 3-1 4 . ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANKS 4-1 Introduction . 4-1 Overview 4-1 Release Scenarios . 4-2 Release Prevention . 4-3 5 . PIPI
11、NG SYSTEMS . 5-1 Overview 5-1 Introduction . 5-1 Release Scenarios . 5-3 Release Prevention . 5-3 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 340-ENGL 1777 0732290 057205b 717 6 . LOADING AND UNLOADING SYSTEMS . 6-1 Introduction . 6-1 Overview 6-1 Release Scenarios . 6-2 Release Prevention . 6-2 7 . ANCILLARY FACILITY EQUIP
12、MENT 7-1 Introduction . 7-1 Overview 7-2 Release Scenarios . 7-2 Release Prevention . 7-2 8 . OPERATING SYSTEMS 8-1 Introduction . 8-1 Overview 8-1 Release Scenarios . 8-2 Release Prevention 8-3 BIBLIOGRAPHY . R- 1 Appendix A LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND/OR GLOSSARY . A-1 Appendix B DEFDTITIONS B- 1 Fi
13、gure 1-1 2- 1 LIST OF FIGURES Sources of Potential Releases at AST Facilities . 1-5 Hierarchy for Selection of Control Measures 2-1 Table ES- 1 4- 1 4-2 5- 1 5-2 6- 1 6-2 7- 1 7-2 8- 1 8-2 STD-APIIPETRO PUBL 340-ENGL 1997 0732290 0572057 b25 E LIST OF TABLES Overview of Liquid Release and Detection
14、Measures at AST Facilities . e5-2 Aboveground Storage Tank Release Scenarios . 4-5 Aboveground Storage Tank Prevention and Detection Measures 4-10 Piping System Release Scenarios 5-6 Piping System Prevention and Detection Measures . 5-12 Loading and Unloading Systems Release Scenarios . 6-4 Loading
15、and Unloading Systems Prevention and Detection Measures 6-8 Other Facility Equipment Release Scenarios . 7-3 Other Facility Equipment Prevention and Detection Measures 7-6 Operating System Control Measures Release Scenarios 8-4 Operating System Control Measures Prevention and Detection Measures . 8-
16、5 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 340-ENGL 1997 Bl 0732290 0572058 5bL S EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Preventing releases is an important aspect of day-to-day business for owners and operators of aboveground storage tank (AST) facilities. Over the years, operating practices have been developed and equipment has been design
17、ed to reduce the potential for releases and to protect the environment if a release occurs. Data collected in a 1994 API survey of aboveground tank facilities indicated that the presence of groundwater contamination at aboveground storage tank facilities was mainly attributable to discontinued opera
18、ting practices. Respondents reported significant reductions in releases (during the five-year period preceding the survey) because equipment, operating practices, and standards have improved. The 1994 survey focused on groundwater protection, but current practices at facilities address all facets of
19、 environmental protection. This report compiles information on current industry practices to prevent or detect releases, and to protect groundwater, surface water, and soil in the event of a liquid release. Air emissions are not addressed in this report. Specifically, the report addresses facility t
20、anks, piping, loading/unloading areas, ancillary equipment, as well as facility operating systems - or the human factor. For each of these components, the report provides: e A summary of the potential causes of liquid petroleum releases; e An overview of the procedures and equipment available to ope
21、rators to prevent, detect or provide environmental protection from such releases; and 0 The advantages and disadvantages of various control measures including relative costs, as well as maintenance and operating parameters. Much of the information presented in the document is taken from API standard
22、s and research reports. Additionally, current industry practices and industry examples are included. The report is not intended to provide requirements; rather, it represents a compilation of the various methods that industry uses to prevent and detect releases. Effective operation of facilities and
23、 release prevention involve the evaluation and use of a wide range of control measures. Selection of appropriate measures must be made on a site-specific basis and then tailored to meet the needs of each location. ES- 1 STD.API/PETRC PUBL 340-ENGL 2977 0732270 0572059 4TB Aboveground Storage Tanks T
24、he approach taken by the report is illustrated in Table ES- 1, which gives an overview of types of releases that can occur at facilities and lists some of the available control measures. The table, which is not intended to be comprehensive, shows that multiple methods are available to address each t
25、ype of release. The objective of this report is to facilitate selection of an appropriate measure and to help the reader better understand the variety of methods that can be used to prevent releases or to protect the environment if releases occur. Tank overfill Bottom leaks Tank shell or shell appur
26、tenance release Table ES-1 OVERVIEW OF LIQUID RELEASE CONTROL MEASURES Loading Areas Underground gravity flow Piping Loadingtunloading I Piping Systems I Underground pressurized Ancillary Equipment Operating Systems Aboveground steel piping Small equipment releases (e.g., pump, hose, flange leaks) H
27、uman error Written procedures Drip pans for equipment Over-pressure protection Operator training Monitor shifts and workloads Written procedures Operator training Ovemii protection systems Inspection e Presents an overview of the procedures and equipment available to operators to prevent, detect or
28、provide environmental protection from such releases; and e Considers the advantages and disadvantages of various control measures including the relative costs, as well as maintenance and operating parameters. Additionally, the report gives an indication of the relative costs required to install or i
29、mplement the various measures. These costs are intended to be used only as a basis for comparing control measures. Actual installation and implementation costs will vary depending on site conditions, facility location, and regional cost factors. Applicable federal and several state regulations were
30、reviewed during preparation of this document. However, specific regulatory requirements or citations are not discussed, as they are subject to change and may not be universally applicable. Similarly, this report does not address regulatory requirements that may be required by local jurisdictions. Fe
31、deral, state and local requirements should be taken into consideration in selecting a control measure. 1-2 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 340-ENGL 1797 188 07322U 0572Ub2 T2 At the time this report was prepared, new release prevention technologies were being developed. Most of these are not listed in the report
32、 because their performance has not been thoroughly validated; however, some emerging technologies have been highlighted in the tables for the readers information. The reader should confirm the suitability and effectiveness of these new technologies prior to using them. This report does not cover: 0
33、Emergency response, cleanup, remediation, tank cleaning, and decommissioning Health, safety and fire prevention issues Air emissions FACILITIES ADDRESSED This report addresses aboveground storage tank and terminal facilities associated with the marketing, refining, and transportation of petroleum. T
34、he control measures discussed apply to the tank, piping, loading/unloading systems, ancillary equipment, and facility operating practices. The report is not intended to be used for: 0 Retail service stations 0 Refinery process equipment and process areas 0 Oil and gas production facilities, includin
35、g offshore facilities and associated tanks Natural gas processing plants 0 Production, pipeline, and truck crude oil gathering facilities WHO SHOULD READ THIS REPORT? This report is intended for use by managers, facility operators, and regulators, as well as engineers involved in the design and sele
36、ction of facility components and prevention of liquid petroleum releases. A NOTE OF CAUTION The methods listed in this report do not represent a complete list of control measures. The reader is cautioned to fully investigate the appropriateness of a control measure and to determine its suitability t
37、o a particular facility. The retrofit cost, operating requirements, system modification 1-3 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 340-ENGL L977 U732270 05720b3 729 iyg requirements, and effect on other systems are considerations when determining the suitability of a particular measure. Application of the options discu
38、ssed in this report should be based on sound engineering judgment and in accordance with relevant codes, standards, and manufacturers recommendations. Potential health, safety, fire prevention, and fire protection requirements for each measure should be assessed as well. In evaluating the options pr
39、esented in this document, the risks posed by potential releases must also be considered, but a discussion of the risk assessment process is beyond the scope of this research effort. Rather, this report is designed to show the variety of precautions and technologies industry uses to prevent releases
40、from occurring and to detect releases if they do occur. 1-4 STD-APIIPETRO PUBL 340-ENGL 1997 II 0732270 05720b4 Bb.5 o, c O O d Y 6 I- s Y C lo E t 4 m Q, ?A D 1-5 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 340-ENGL 1797 W 0732270 0572065 7TL Section 2 SELECTION CRITERIA GENERAL, APPROACH Preventing releases from abovegrou
41、nd storage facilities requires the evaluation of a range of control measures. Generally, measures that prevent releases are the most effective in terms of both cost and environmental protection. in operating storage facilities, the goal is to prevent releases and to keep the product in the tank. The
42、 effectiveness of prevention measures is illustrated graphically in Figure 2- 1. Figure 2-1. Hierarchy for Selection of Control Measures versus Remediation Higher I Decree of Environmental Protection Lower PREVENTION / DETECTION PROTECTION T-“- REM EDI ATION ,I I I I I I I I I Lower I Lower c Ost Ef
43、fect iv en e ss The three categories of control measures addressed in this document (Prevention, Detection, and Protection) are shown as a triangular hierarchy. The left-hand axis represents the degree of environmental protection afforded by each control measure and increases at the top where the em
44、phasis is on preventing releases. Similarly, the right-hand axis shows that the cost- effectiveness increases as one moves from measures designed to protect the environment in the event of a release to measures designed to prevent releases. A measure that is designed to minimize the impact of a rele
45、ase once it occurs may require some level of cleanup; thus, it may be more costly in the long run. 2- 1 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 340-ENGL 1797 O732290 0572Obb b38 BB1 For example, an inspection and maintenance program designed to prevent a tank release can be more effective than instailing an impermeable
46、liner in the Weld. The first approach prevents the release and thus is more protective of the environment and more cost-effective. In contrast? tankfield liners are prone to damage and generally have limited effectiveness in mitigating liquid releases. In operating facilities and selecting control m
47、easures, emphasis is given to preventing releases. However, other categories of measures - detection or protection measures - may be required depending on the operating circumstances. Remediation is not considered a prevention, protection, or detection measure; thus, this report does not address the
48、 subject of remediation. CONSIDERATION OF SELECTION CRITERIA Selection of appropriate control measures is a complex process involving consideration of several criteria. These criteria vary from facility component to facility component; thus, the selection of appropriate control measures is site-spec
49、ific and must be tailored to meet the needs of each location. Additionally, the selection process balances environmental concerns, operational considerations, and business objectives. The following list gives some examples of factors that may be considered in selecting appropriate control measures for a facility: Environmental therefore, references to installation costs refer to the cost of modifying an existing facility. Typically, installation costs for new facilities are less
