1、 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 3Y7-ENGL 1998 m 0732290 ObLlBb5 511 m American Petroleum Institute HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANT LOADING OPERATIONS AT BULK GASOLINE TERMINALS EMISSIONS FROM GASOLINE Health and Environmental Affairs Department Publication Number 347 October 1998 - STD-APIIPETRO PUBL 347-ENGL I1998 m 0
2、732290 0611866 458 I, American Petroleum Institute American Petroleum Institute Environmental, Health, and Safety Mission and Guiding Principles MISSION The members ojthe American Petroleum institute are dedicated to continuous eflorts to irnproive the compatihilin of our opertitions with the enviro
3、nment while econoniicullj developing energy resources Lind supplying high quality products and senices to consumers. We recognize our reJporisibility to work with the public, the governinerit, and others to develop and to use natural resources in an etiiironrnentcilly sound manner kvhile protecting
4、the health and safety of our employees and the public. To meet these responsibilities, API nienibers pledge to inanage our businesses according to the,followiiig principles using sound science to prioritize risks and to implement cost-effective management practices: PRINCIPLES e b b To recognize and
5、 to respond to community concerns about our raw materials, products and operations. To operate our plants and facilities, and to handle our raw materials and products in a manner that protects the environment, and the safety and health of our employees and the public. To make safety, health and envi
6、ronmental considerations a priority in our planning, and our development of new products and processes. To advise promptly, appropriate officials, employees, customers and the public of information on significant industry-related safety, health and environmental hazards, and to recommend protective
7、measures. To counsel customers, transporters and others in the safe use, transportation and disposal of our raw materials, products and waste materials. To economically develop and produce natural resources and to conserve those resources by using energy efficiently. To extend knowledge by conductin
8、g or supporting research on the safety, health and environmental effects of our raw materials, products, processes and waste materials. To commit to reduce overall emission and waste generation. To work with others to resolve problems created by handling and disposal of hazardous substances from our
9、 operations. To participate with government and others in creating responsible laws, regulations and standards to safeguard the community, workplace and environment. To promote these principles and practices by sharing experiences and offering assistance to others who produce, handle, use, transport
10、 or dispose of similar raw materials, petroleum products and wastes. STD.API/PETRO PUBL 347-ENGL 1778 0732270 ObLLBb7 374 Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions From Gasoline Loading Operations at Bulk Gasoline Terminals Health and Environmental Affairs Department API PUBLICATION NUMBER 347 PREPARED UNDE
11、R CONTRACT BY: FRANK PHOENIX 5001 SOUTH MIAMI BLVD., SUITE 300 PO Box 12077 RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NOFVH CAROLINA 27709-2077 PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. OCTOBER 1998 American Petroleum Ins titute STD.API/PETRO PUBL 347-ENGL 1778 0732270 Ob11868 220 FOREWORD API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADD
12、RESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED. API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MA.NUFAC- TURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPO
13、SED, CONCEFNNG HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANU- FACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPAR.A.S,
14、 OR PRODUCT COV- ERED BY LETTERS PATENT. NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN ITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETIXRS PATE“. THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABIL- All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means,
15、 electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written pennhsion from the publisher Contact ihe publisher, API Publishing Services, I220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Copyright Q 1998 Americas Petroleum Institute iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE ARE R
16、ECOGNIZED FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS OF TIME AND EXPERTISE DURING THIS STUDY AND IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT: API STAFF CONTACT Karin Ritter, Health and Environmental Affairs Department MEMBERS OF THE S TATTONARY SOURCE EMISSIONS RESEARCH GROUP Dan Van Der Zanden, Chevron Research & Technology Co
17、mpany Doug Vopat, BP Oil Gary Kizior, Amoco Research Center a Jeffrey Siegeil, Exxon Research & Engineering Company Lee Gihner, Equilon Miriam Lev-On, Arco Robert Ettinger, Shell API thanks Frank Phoenix of Pacific Environmental Services, Inc. for his extensive work in the preparation of this docume
18、nt. iv STD.API/PETRO PUBL 347-ENGL 1978 H 0732290 ObLL70 789 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY e5-1 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION . 1 . 1 SECTION 2 TEST METHODS 2-1 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES . 2. 1 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES . 2-1 SECTION 3 EVALUATION OF DATA SETS . 3-1 SELECTION OF DATA SET LOCATIONS 3-3 EVAL
19、UATION PROCEDURES AND RESULTS . 3-3 SECTION 4 EMISSION TEST RESULTS 4-1 SECTION 5 EXAMPLE EMISSION FACTOR CALCULATIONS 5-1 SECTION 6 REFERENCES 6. 1 APPENDICES A SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PROTOCOLS . A-1 B RUN-BY-RUN EMISSION FACTORS FOR THE TWENTY DATA SETS USED TO CALCULATE OVERALL EMISSION FACTORS
20、B- 1 C RUN-BY-RUN EMISSION FACTORS FOR THE THIRTEEN DATA SETS EXCLUDED FROM THE OVERALL AVERAGE EMISSION FACTOR CALCULATION . C-1 Table 2- 1 3-1 3-2 4- 1 4-2 4-3 5- 1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 STD-API/PETRO PUBL 347-ENGL 1998 = 0732290 0611871 15 M LIST OF TABLES Page Hazardous Air Pollutants Measured In Samp
21、les . 2-2 Summary of Data Sets - 3-1 Summary of Data Set Quaiity Ratings . 3-5 Ratings Summary of Data Sets Used to Develop Factors 4-2 Control Efficiency Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-5 HAP Control Efficiencies for Vapor Control Units at Gasoline Loading Racks 4-7 Uncontrolled VOC Emis
22、sion Factors For Tank Trucks 5-3 Uncontrolled Gasoline Vapor HAP-To-VOC Content . . . . . .5-3 HAP EFs for Carbon Adsorber Units at Submerged Loading Operations Using Dedicated Normal Service . . . .5-4 HAP EFs or Carbon Adsorber Units at Submerged Loading Operations Using Vapor Balance Service . .
23、. . . . . . . . . .5-5 HAP Emission Rates For Example Case . 5-7 I LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 4- 1 4-2 Carbon Adsorber Unit Control Efficiencies . . . . . . . . . 4-8 Thermal Oxidizer Control Efficiencies 4-8 STD=API/PETRO PUBL 347-ENGL L998 111 0732290 Ob11872 751 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report pre
24、sents hazardous air pollutant (HAP) and volatile organic compound (VOC) emission test results from gasoline loading operations at bulk gasoline terminals. These tests were conducted for the American Petroleum Institute (MI) to provide more accurate HAI? emission estimates from bulk gasoline terminal
25、s employing emissions control equipment. Current procedures typically assume that control efficiencies for HAPS are equal to the control efficiencies for total VC. For this study, MI sponsored HAP emission testing at 33 buk gasoline terminals around the United States. Each test measured emissions fr
26、om facilities with a vapor control system. Emission tests from 23 carbon adsorption units (with VOC emission factors ranging from 0.7 to 70 milligrams of VOC/liter gasoline loaded), eight thermal oxidizers, and two refrigeration units were included. Control efficiencies for eight HAP compounds were
27、derived for carbon adsorption units and thermal oxidizers (no control efficiencies are reported from the refrigeration units due to the limited data collected). Table ES-1 summarizes the average control efficiencies found in this study. The results from the carbon adsorption units indicate that cont
28、rol efficiencies for HAPs average over 99% and are insensitive to the total VOC control efficiency of the treatment unit. This is observed even at VOC control efficiencies below 90%. These conclusions are illustrated in Figure ES-1. The limited data from the thermal oxidizer emission tests indicate
29、that the control efficiencies for HAPs are similar to the control efficiencies for total VOCs. Finally, the HAP control efficiencies presented in this report have been used to develop HAP emission factors. Derivation of these emission factors is dependent on facility operation parameters (e.g., vapo
30、r balancing, bottom loading) and gasoline speciation characterization (i.e., HAP content in gasoline). These HAP emission factors can be used to determine HAP emissions based on the volume of gasoline loaded at a facility. ES-1 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 347-ENGL 1998 W 0732290 Ob11873 698 Total VOC 97.30 8
31、7.44 99.94 TABLE ES-1. HAP CONTROL EFFICIENCIES (CE) FOR VAPOR CONTROL UNITS AT GASOLINE LOADING RACKS Th Carbon Adsorbers II HAP Compound Average Max. I CE% I E% 1 CE% gh% I 2?% I 99.63 99.96 Average CE % 99.79 MTBE 199.65 198.49 I 100.0 Benzene 199.97 I 99.86 I 100.0 99.83 99.16 96.42 100.0 100.0
32、Toluene 199.93 199.62 1 100.0 98.86 100.0 Ethylbenzene I 99.66 I 98.54 I 100.0 99.21 96 .O6 100.0 m, p-Xy lene o-Xy lene 99.61 97.69 Xylene Average 99.58 100.0 99.60 Hexane 199.88 199.00 I 100.0 99.48 98.29 I 100.0 11 Isooctane 199.62 197.51 I 100.0 99.76 99.39 I 100.0 Il Total HAP I 99.74 I 98.77 I
33、 100.0 99.56 99.42 199.97 I Total HAP w/o MTBE I 99.82 1 99.02 I 100.0 99.52 99.32 98.62 Average HAPCE % 199.73 198.59 I 100.0 99.61 99 -47 ES-2 STD-APIIPETRO PUBL 347-ENGL 1998 I 0732290 Ob11874 524 W 102% 100% s 98% 2 c 96% al o E 94% w 2 92% .- - c. c 8 90% 88% 86% Carbon Adsorption Unit Control
34、Efficiencies O VOC% 0 HAP% FIGURE ES-1. CARBON ADSORPTION UNIT CONTROL EFFICIENCIES ES-3 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 347-ENGL 1998 U 0732290 Ob11875 460 I SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION The American Petroleum Institute (MI) has conducted this study to measure the controlled emission rate of volatile organic compound
35、s (VOCs) and volatile organic hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) from gasoline loading operations at bulk gasoline terminals. The results of these emission tests have been used to develop new controlled emission factors for HAPs at bulk gasoline terminals. In developing the emission factors presented i
36、n this report, API followed the most recent EPA procedures for preparing AP-42 emission factors PA, 1992). In preparing this report, NI followed the suggestions for submitting emission factors to EPA as outlined in the draft report “Public Participation Procedures for EPAs Emissions Estimation Guida
37、nce Materials” PA, 1994). During the development of the Gasoline Distribution National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP), it was estimated that of the 1,024 bulk terminals, approximately 70 percent were controlling VOC emissions from the loading racks. Additionally, it was est
38、imated that 63,520 megagrams (Mg) of VOC and 3,460 Mg of HAP are released from loading racks at bulk terminals on an annual basis .2 To estimate the HAP emissions from bulk terminals, it was previously assumed that the relative HAP and VOC compositions of the vapor stream after control are equal to
39、the relative compositions prior to control. This study was launched to measure HAP emissions and test the validity of this assumption. The objective of this study is to measure emissions from the loading of gasoline cargo tanks at loading facilities (i.e., bulk terminals) and present a method for de
40、termining emission factors for these sources. The emission factors apply to loading facilities which utilize carbon adsorption units or thermal oxidizers to reduce gasoline emissions. Section 2 presents the test methods used for the study. Section 3 evaluates the quality of each of the 33 tests incl
41、uded in the study. Section 4 presents the results of the emission tests and summarizes the calculated control efficiencies for HAPs. Section 5 presents example calculations illustrating the development of emission factors using the test results and currently available bulk terminal emission informat
42、ion. A discussion of sensitive parameters that may impact these results is also presented in 1-1 STD-APIIPETRO PUBL 347-ENGL L99B 0732290 OblL87b 3T7 Section 5. Section 6 lists the references used or referred to in this report. Appendix A contains the sampling and analytical protocols used in this s
43、tudy. Appendix B presents detailed information on the 20 data sets used to calculate the emission factors. Appendix C presents detailed information on the 13 data sets excluded from the emission factor calculations. 1-2 SECTION 2 TEST METHODS For this study, API sponsored HAP emissions testing at 33
44、 bulk gasoline terminals around the United States. Each test measured emissions from facilities with a vapor control system. Emission tests from 23 carbon adsorption, eight thermal oxidizers, and two refrigeration units were included. This section describes the sampling and analytical procedures use
45、d. SAMPLING TECHNIQUES Simultaneous with the VOC emissions testing, testing was performed for selected HAPS using a test protocol developed by API for this study.3 Six gas samples were extracted (three inlet samples simultaneous with three outlet samples) at set two hour intervals during the first s
46、ix hours of the VOC emissions test. EPA Method 18, Section 7.1 sampling procedures were followed. To prevent contamination, new Teflon“ tubing and new Tedlar bags were used for each test. After the initial sampling, all Tedlar“ bag gas samples were sub-sampled into SUMMA“ polished canisters followin
47、g the general guidelines of EPA-600/4-89-017 Method TO-14. For more details refer to the API test protocol presented in Appendix A. Simultaneous with the VOC emissions testing, testing was performed for selected HAPs using a test protocol developed by MI for this study.3 Six gas samples were extract
48、ed (three inlet samples simultaneous with three outlet samples) at set two hour intervals during the first six hours of the VOC emissions test. EPA Method 18, Section 7.1 sampling procedures were followed. To prevent contamination, new Teflon“ tubing and new Tedlar“ bags were used for each test. Aft
49、er the initial sampling, all Tedlar“ bag gas samples were sub-sampled into SUMMA“ polished canisters following the general guidelines of EPA-600/4-89-017 Method TO-14. For more details refer to the API test protocol presented in Appendix A. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES Analysis for selected HAPs was performed using a protocol developed by API for this study. This protocol followed the guidelines of EPA Methods 18, TO-3, and SW846-8020 and SW846-8015. Sample aliquots from the SUMMA“ polished canisters were analyzed on a gas chromatograph (GC) with a photo ionizat
