1、American Petroleum I Institute c OVERVIEW OF SOIL s REGULATORY AFFAIRS DEPARTMENT PUBLICATION NUMBER 35 1 APRIL 1999 STD-APIIPETRO PUBL 351-ENGL 1999 W 0732290 Ob15401 437 W American Petroleum Institute American Petroleum Institute Environmental, Health, and Safety Mission and Guiding Principles MIS
2、SION The members of the American Petroleum Institute are dedicated to continuous efforts to improve the compatibility of our operations with the environment while economically developing energy resources and supplying high quality products and services to consumers. We recognize our responsibility t
3、o work with the public, the government, and others to develop and to use natural resources in an environmentally sound manner while protecting the health and safety of our employees and the public. To meet these responsibilities, API members pledge to manage our businesses according to the following
4、 principles using sound science to prioritize risks and to implement cost-effective management practices: PRINCIPLES o o o o o o o To recognize. and to respond to community concerns about our raw materiais, products and operations. To operate our plants and facilities, and to handle our raw material
5、s and products in a mnner that protects the environment, and the safety and heGth of our employees and the public. . To make safety, health and environmental considerations a priority in our planning, and our development of new products and processes. To advise promptly, appropriate officials, emplo
6、yees, customers and the public of information on significant industry-related safety, health and environmental hazards, and to recommend protective measures. To counsel customers, transporters and others in the safe use, transporiation and disposal of our raw materials, products and waste materiais.
7、 To economically develop and produce natural resources and to conserve those resources by using energy efficiently. To extend knowledge by conducting or supporting research on th safety, health and environmental effects of our raw materials, products, processes and waste materials. To commit to redu
8、ce overall emission and waste generation. To work with others to resolve probiems created by handling and disposal of hazardous substances from our operations. * .To participate with gavernment and o$ers in creating responsible laws, regulations and standards to safeguard the community, workplace an
9、d environment. To promote these principles and practices by sharing experiences and offering assistance to others who produce, handle, use, transport or dispose of similar raw materiais, petroleum products and wastes. STD-APIiPETRO PUBL 351-ENGL 1999 0732290 Ob15402 373 Overview of Coil Permeability
10、 Test Methods Regulatory Affairs Department API PUBLICATION NUMBER 351 PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY: SPEC CONSULTING SERVICES 427 CLIFTON CORPORATE PARK CLIFTON PARK, NEW YORK 12065 GIANNA AIEZZA AND JOSEPH BURKE APRIL 1999 American Petroleum Institute STD-API/PETRO PUBL 351-ENGL 1999 0732290 0615403
11、2OT FOREWORD API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWD. API IS NOT UNDERTAKING To MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANUFAC- TURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN
12、 AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND S-TY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANU- FACTU
13、RE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COV- ERED BY LETTERS PATENT. NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN ITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETTERS PATENT. THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABIL- All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored n a retr
14、ieval system or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permissionfiom the publishe: Contact the publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20O5. Copyright Q 1999 American Petroleum institute iii , .
15、 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE ARE RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS OF TIME AND EXPERTISE DURING THIS STUDY AND IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT: API STAFF CONTACT E Dee Gavora, Regulatory Affairs Department MEMBERS OF THE STO RAGE TANK TASK FORCE SUBCOMMIITEE Don Gilson, Product Chairman,
16、 Chevron Products Company Jerry Engelhardt, Santa Fe Pacific Pipeline Company Jerry Garteiser, Exxon Company, USA George Lloyd, Shell Oil Company William Martin, ARCO Products Company Gene Milunec, Mobil Oil Corporation James Moore, Amoco Oil Company Philip Myers, Chevron Research and Technology Ran
17、dall Steele, BP Oil Company James Stevenson, Phillips Pipeline Company John Thomas, Shell Oil Company Alan Wolf, Exxon Research and Engineering Company iv STD.API/PETRO PUBL 35L-ENGL 1999 0732270 ObL5Y05 082 2 . LA BOR TABLE OF CONTENTS Section EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . e5-1 1 . INTRODUCTION 1-1 Scope of
18、Rep0 rt 1-1 Organization of Report 1-2 A Note of Caution 1-2 Recommendations for Method Selection . 1-3 Hydraulic Conductivity vs . Permeability. 1-4 Collection and Handling of Soil Samples 1-6 Horizontal and Vertical Permeability 1-6 Saturated vs . Unsaturated Soil . 1-7 Other Properties of Soils 1
19、-7 TORY METHODS . 2-1 Introduction 2-1 Constant Head Test 2-1 Falling Head Test . 2-3 Grain Size Analysis 2-5 Flexible Wall Permeameter (Triaxial Test) 2-5 3 . FIELD METHODS . 3-1 Introduction 3-1 Slug Test (Hvorslev?s Method) 3-1 Borehole Test . 3-3 Gulf Oil Field Test . 3-4 Well Pumping Test 3-5 P
20、iezometer Method 3-7 Infiltrometers 3-9 Single-Ring Infiltrometers . 3-9 Open Double-Ring Idiltrometers 3-10 Sealed Double-Ring Infiltrometers 3-10 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 351-ENGL 1999 m 0732290 Ob15406 TI9 m 3 . FIELD METHODS continued Double Tube Test Method . 3-11 Air-Entry Penneameter 3. 12 REFERENC
21、ES R-1 Appendix A DEFINITIONS A- 1 Appendix B Appendix C LIST OF VARIABLES B-1 CONVERSION FACTORS . C-1 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 . 1 1-2 2-1 3-1 Range of Values of Permeability 1-4 Viscosities of Selected Fluids . 1-5 Laboratory Methods for Testing Permeability . 2-7 Field Methods for Testing Permeabi
22、lity . 3-15 Fime 2- 1 2-2 2-3 3- 1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 LIST OF FIGURES Page Constant Head Test 2-3 Falling Head Test . 2-4 Trimal Test . 2-6 Slug Test (Hvorslevs Method) . 3-2 Borehole Test . 3-4 Gulf Oil Field Test . 3-5 Well Pumping Test 3-7 Piezometer Method 3-8 Double-Ring Infiltrometer
23、. 3-10 Double-Tube Method 3-12 Air-Entry Permeameter 3-14 STD-APIIPETRO PUBL 35la-ENGL 1997 - 0732290 Ob15407 755 H EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report presents some of the available test methods for determining the coefficient of permeability for earthen secondary containment systems at aboveground stora
24、ge tank facilities. It provides the guidance necessary for operators of an aboveground storage tank facility to select an appropriate test method to determine soil permeability. The presented permeability test methods are categorized into laboratory or field methods. A brief overview and applicable
25、equations are provided for each method. The report contains two main tables (Table 2-1 and Table 3- i), which the reader can use to compare and contrast the presented test methods. The information in these tables includes the test method name, technical references, applicability of the test to speci
26、fic soil types, advantages, disadvantages, overview of the test procedures and typical costs. The document is intended to provide infomation for facility operators and engineers to understand the basic requirements of each method and to provide guidance for selection of an appropriate test method. T
27、his report is not intended to be used as a “how to manual for each test. Nor is the report to be construed as stipulating permeability requirements for earthen secondary containment systems. ES- 1 STD-API/PETRO PUBL 35L-ENGL 1999 m 0732290 Ob15408 891 W Section 1 INTRODUCTION The determination of so
28、il permeability is one of the most important items in assessing aboveground storage tank facilities secondary containment areas. This report outlines the available methods for determining soil permeability both in the laboratory and in the field. This publication is intended for use by facility oper
29、ators, engineers and other parties interested in the evaluation of soil permeability. SCOPE OF REPORT This publication outlines various methods to test the permeability of soil. It is intended to serve only as a general guideline in the selection of a suitable test method for determining soil permea
30、bility. The final selection of the method and its implementation should be the responsibility of an experienced hydrologist or geotechnical engineer. The methods listed here are not an exhaustive list of all available permeability methods. The report distinguishes between laboratory and field method
31、s. They are identified according to their applicability to particular soil types. The methods presented in this report are applicable to fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and coarse-grained soils (sands and gravels), but may not be appropriate to organic soils, such as peat, or to materials such
32、as construction and demolition debris. The laboratory test methods covered in this report include the following: Constant head test Falling head test Flexible wall permeameter test (triaxial test) Grain size analysis (sieve analysis) The field methods covered in this report include the following: Sl
33、ug test (Hvorslevs Method) Infiltrometer tests Double tube test method STD*API/PETRO PUBL 351-ENGL 1999 W 0732290 Ob15409 728 a 0 Air-entry permeameter test 0 Borehole test 0 Gulf Oil Field Test method 0 Well pumping test 0 Piezometer method ORGANIZATION OF REPORT Sections 2 and 3 provide detailed i
34、nformation on the cited laboratory and field permeability test methods. These sections each contain a table that summarizes the test procedures, presents the advantages/disadvantages for the procedures and provides typical costs for conducting the procedures. Preceding the tables are more detailed n
35、arratives of the tests including schematics of the test methods. For detailed specifications on how to perform each test, the reader is directed to consult the cited references. The tables provide an indication of the relative costs of sampling and analysis for each test method. These costs are inte
36、nded to be used only as a basis for comparing the various test methods. Actual sampling and analytical costs will vary depending on site conditions, geographical location, access into the facility and other conditions that will vary from site to site. A NOTE OF CAUTION Numerous test methods exist to
37、 determine soil permeability. The API does not endorse or recommend any one method, nor can API represent or defend the accuracy of a particular method. The reader is cautioned to fully investigate the appropriateness of a test method and to determine its suitability to a particular situation. Appli
38、cation of the methods cited in this report should be based on sound engineering judgment and in accordance with relevant codes and standards. Results of the tests depend on sampling analytical methods, experience and expertise of the technical staff, 1-2 and the site conditions. The more complex tes
39、ts should be performed only by personnel experienced in soil permeability test methods. This publication is not meant to be a guide for using these methods. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR METHOD SELECTION Permeability test methods often are suitable for certain types of soils (e.g., fine grained soils, such as
40、 silts and clays, or coarse grained soils, such as sands and gravels). The soil conditions at the test site determine the selection of the most suitable test method or methods. The following guidelines are presented for information only, and may serve as a basis to assist the reader in the proper se
41、lection and use of the various methods presented in this report. Determine the approximate soil type via hand excavated test pits. The soil type should be determined using the Unified Soil Classification System (VSCS) (US. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, 1953). Typically, soil types can
42、be divided into granular soils, including sands and gravels, or fine grained soils, such as silts and clays. other types of soil deposits may include organic soils, such as peat, or fill materials consisting of construction and demolition debris. After the soil type is determined, the most appropria
43、te test method(s) can be selected from the tables provided in this document. For granular soils, such as sands, gravels, silty sands or sandy silts, many of the field methods and several of the lab methods are suitable for determining permeability. These methods are relatively inexpensive and provid
44、e good correlation to actual field conditions. Impermeable cohesive clays represent a challenge for field test methods. For silty clays and heavy clay soils, the majority of the readily available field methods cannot be performed within a reasonable timefiame or they may report inaccurate results. T
45、he laboratory flexible wall permeameter (triaxial) test will provide accurate results for a moderate cost. This method usually requires obtaining an undisturbed tube (Shelby tube) sample. The use of field methods, such as the air entry permeameter and the various inltrometer methods, would be substa
46、ntially more expensive, require expert soil technicians familiar with the methods, and would not necessarily provide more accuracy. The reader should note that several of the referenced field methods were developed for in situ permeability testing of very-low-permeability (less than 1x1 O7 cdsec) cl
47、ay liner soils, such as clay soils or clay liners encountered at hazardous waste sites or landfills. These methods are more rigorous than are needed for most tank farms. Furthermore, 1-3 STD-API/PETRO PUBL 351-ENGL 1999 0732290 Ob15411 38b these methods require very specialized equipment and trainin
48、g that may not be readily available. HYDRAULIC CONDUCTMTY VS. PERMEABILITY Any material with voids is porous, and if the voids are interconnected, the material possesses permeability (Bowles, 1984). More specifically, the permeability of a material is a measure of its ability to transmit fluid, and
49、is a property of the material itself. The hydraulic conductivity is also a measure of the ability of a material to transmit fluid, but is dependent on the type of fluid passing through the material. Although the two terms are often used interchangeably, the term permeability will be used throughout this publication. Table 1-1 shows the range of permeabilities for various materials. Table 1-1.: Range of Values of Hydraulic Conductivity Hydraulic Conductivity Unconsolidated (gaI/ the falling head test is more suitable for low- permeability soils (Cedergren, 1989). An illustration of
