1、Recommended Practice on Determination of Shrinkage and Expansion of Well Cement Formulations at Atmospheric PressureANSI/API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 10B-5FIRST EDITION, APRIL 2005REAFFIRMED, APRIL 2015ISO 10426-5:2003 (Identical), Petroleum and natural gas industriesCements and materials for well cemen
2、tingPart 5: Determination of shrinkage and expansion of well cement formulations at atmospheric pressureSpecial Notes API publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed. API is
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14、e materials are subject to copyright claims of ISO, ANSI and API.API Foreword This standard shall become effective on the date printed on the cover but may be used voluntarily from the date of distribution. Standards referenced herein may be replaced by other international or national standards that
15、 can be shown to meet or exceed the requirements of the referenced standard. This American National Standard is under the jurisdiction of the API Subcommittee on Well Cements Sc10. This standard is considered identical to the English version of ISO 10426-5:2004. ISO 10426-5 was prepared by Technical
16、 Committee ISO/TC 67, SC 3 drilling completion and well cements. API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or gu
17、arantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict. Suggested revisions are invited and shoul
18、d be submitted to API, Standards department, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org. API Recommended Practice 10B-5 / ISO 10426-5ii Contents Page API Foreword ii Foreword iv Introduction . v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions . 1 4 Sampling . 2 5 Determinat
19、ion of shrinkage or expansion under conditions of free access of water at atmospheric pressure Annular ring test 2 6 Determination of bulk shrinkage or expansion under impermeable condition and atmospheric pressure Membrane test 9 Bibliography 13 API Recommended Practice 10B-5 / ISO 10426-5iii ISO 1
20、0426-5:2004(E) iv ISO 2004 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each mem
21、ber body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International El
22、ectrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards ado
23、pted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of pat
24、ent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 10426-5 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries, Subcommittee SC 3, Drilling and completion flu
25、ids, and well cements. ISO 10426 consists of the following parts, under the general title Petroleum and natural gas industries Cements and materials for well cementing: Part 1: Specification Part 2: Testing of well cements Part 3: Testing of deepwater well cement formulations Part 4: Preparation and
26、 testing of foamed cement slurries at atmospheric pressure Part 5: Determination of shrinkage and expansion of well cement formulations at atmospheric pressure API Recommended Practice 10B-5 / ISO 10426-5ivISO 10426-5:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved vIntroduction Dimensional changes in oil- and
27、 gas-well cements after placement, phenomena often referred to as shrinkage, (when the dimensional change corresponds to a decrease in cement volume) have often been used to explain various wellbore phenomena including a microannulus, leading to a bad bond as demonstrated by the bond log; interzonal
28、 communication, resulting in costly remedial operations; lack of a hydraulic seal when utilizing cement inflatable packers. Attempts have been made to find additives that decrease cement shrinkage (shrinkage being a fundamental characteristic of Portland cement) The best solution for shrinkage thus
29、far has been the identification of additives that favour the expansion of the cement. However, even if cement expands dimensionally, it will still shrink internally. In this case, the bulk expansion of the cement sample is simply superimposed on an inner shrinkage that will affect the porosity of th
30、e sample. Shrinkage and expansion in cement result from the formation of hydration products having a density different from the compounded density of the reaction components. This can result in the following: change in pore volume; change in pore pressure; change in sample dimensions; change in inte
31、rnal stress. In a closed cell with a non-deformable boundary, the volume of hydrates produced during the chemical reaction is less than the volume of dry compounds plus water. The change in volume of hydrates will be referred to as inner hydration shrinkage. The change in the sample dimensions will
32、be referred to as bulk shrinkage or expansion. Bulk shrinkage and expansion of cement refer to the result of the measurement of linear dimensional change or volume change. The volume to which all volume changes are related is the volume of the slurry immediately after mixing and emplacement in the e
33、xperimental equipment. In this part of ISO 10426, units are given as SI, and where practical, U.S. Customary units are included in brackets for information. Users of this part of ISO 10426 should be aware that further or differing requirements might be needed for individual applications. This part o
34、f ISO 10426 is not intended to inhibit a vendor from offering, or the purchaser from accepting, alternative equipment or engineering solutions for the individual application. This can be particularly applicable where there is innovative or developing technology. Where an alternative is offered, the
35、vendor should identify any variations from this International Standard and provide details. This part of ISO 10426 is based on API Technical Report 10TR 21. API Recommended Practice 10B-5 / ISO 10426-5vINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10426-5:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 1Petroleum and natural gas
36、 industries Cements and materials for well cementing Part 5: Determination of shrinkage and expansion of well cement formulations at atmospheric pressure 1 Scope This part of ISO 10426 provides the methods for the testing of well cement formulations to determine the dimension changes during the curi
37、ng process (cement hydration) at atmospheric pressure only. This is a base document, because under real well cementing conditions shrinkage and expansion take place under pressure and different boundary conditions. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the a
38、pplication of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 10426-2:2003, Petroleum and natural gas industries Cements and materials for well cementing Part 2: Testing
39、 of well cements 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 bulk expansion increase in the external volume or dimensions of a cement sample 3.2 bulk shrinkage decrease in the external volume or dimensions of a cement sample 3.3 hydration
40、 shrinkage difference in the volume between the hydration products and the volume of the dry cement, additives and water API Recommended Practice 10B-5 / ISO 10426-51ISO 10426-5:2004(E) 2 ISO 2004 All rights reserved4 Sampling 4.1 General Samples of the neat cement or cement blend, solid and liquid
41、additives, and mixing water are required to test a slurry according to this part of ISO 10426. Accordingly, the best available sampling technology should be employed to ensure the laboratory test conditions and materials match as closely as possible those found at the wellsite. Some commonly used sa
42、mpling devices are shown in ISO 10426-2:2003, Figure 1. 4.2 Method Applicable sampling techniques for the fluids and materials used are specified in ISO 10426-2:2003, Clause 4. 5 Determination of shrinkage or expansion under conditions of free access of water at atmospheric pressure Annular ring tes
43、t 5.1 General information The annular expansion mould is a device suitable for measuring only the linear bulk shrinkage or expansion properties of a cement formulation. The magnitude of expansion depends on the amount of expanding agent, cement powder, slurry design and curing condition (pressure, t
44、emperature, time, fluid access). It should be noted that expansion is strongly affected by boundary conditions. The chemical process of mineral growth is strongly controlled by the state of stress and mineral growth will tend to occur where the stress value is the lowest, i.e. in pore space or empty
45、 spaces. Therefore, the degree of cement shrinkage and expansion is dependent on a number of conditions, not all of which can be uniquely defined. The test does not represent fully the annulus of a well. 5.2 Apparatus 5.2.1 Mould 5.2.1.1 General Use corrosion-resistant material (e.g. stainless steel
46、). The outer diameter (OD) of the inner ring shall be 50,8 mm (2 in) and the inner diameter (ID) of the outer expansion ring shall be 88,9 mm (3,5 in). See Figures 1, 2 and 3. Figure 1 Typical mould assembly (top view) Figure 2 Typical mould assembly (side view) API Recommended Practice 10B-5 / ISO
47、10426-52ISO 10426-5:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 3Dimensions in millimetres (inches) a) Base b) Lid c) Internal ring d) Annular ring mould e) External ring f) Spacer block Figure 3 Schema of typical mould assembly parts API Recommended Practice 10B-5 / ISO 10426-53ISO 10426-5:2004(E) 4 ISO 2004 All rights reserved5.2.1.2 Mould calibration The resilience of the ring of the mould shall be calibrated annually. The resilience shall be such that the mass of 1 000 g 1 g (2
