1、Recommended Practice for Care and Use of Subsurface PumpsAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 11ARFOURTH EDITION, JUNE 2000ERRATA, DECEMBER 2013REAFFIRMED, JANUARY 2014Recommended Practice for Care and Use of Subsurface PumpsUpstream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 11ARFOURTH EDITION, JUNE 2000ERRATA, DECEMBER
2、2013REAFFIRMED, JANUARY 2014SPECIAL NOTESAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to partic-ular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers
3、 towarn and properly train and equip their employees, and others exposed, concerning healthand safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations under local, state, or fed-eral laws.Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precautions with respect to par-ticular materi
4、als and conditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufacturer orsupplier of that material, or the material safety data sheet.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, byimplication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, app
5、aratus, or prod-uct covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be con-strued as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least everyfive years. Sometimes a
6、one-time extension of up to two years will be added to this reviewcycle. This publication will no longer be in effect five years after its publication date as anoperative API standard or, where an extension has been granted, upon republication. Statusof the publication can be ascertained from the AP
7、I Upsstream Segment telephone (202)682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually and updatedquarterly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropri-ate notification and participat
8、ion in the developmental process and is designated as an APIstandard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this standard or com-ments and questions concerning the procedures under which this standard was developedshould be directed in writing to the general manager of the Upstre
9、am Segment, AmericanPetroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permissionto reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also beaddressed to the general manager.API standards are published to facilitate the broad availability of p
10、roven, sound engineer-ing and operating practices. These standards are not intended to obviate the need for apply-ing sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these standards should beutilized. The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended in any way toinhibit anyone fr
11、om using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the markingrequirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicablerequirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such prod-ucts do i
12、n fact conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publis
13、her, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 2000 American Petroleum InstituteFOREWORDJurisdiction.This recommended practice (RP) is under the jurisdiction of the AmericanPetroleum Institute (API) Committee on Standardization of Production Equipment.Purpose.Thi
14、s document presents recommended practices for the care and use of subsur-face pumps.American Petroleum Institute (API) Recommended Practices are published to facilitatethe broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating practices. These Recom-mended Practices are not intended to obviat
15、e the need for applying sound judgment as towhen and where these Recommended Practices should be utilized.Attention Users of This Publication: Portions of this publication have been changedfrom the previous edition. The location of changes has been marked with a bar in the margin.In some cases the c
16、hanges are significant, while in other cases the changes reflect minor edi-torial adjustments. The bar notations in the margins are provided as an aid to users to identifythose parts of this publication that have been changed from the previous edition, but APImakes no warranty as to the accuracy of
17、such bar notations.Note: This is the third edition of this API Recommended Practice. It was authorized by theCommittee on Standardization of Production Equipment at the 1988 Standardization Con-ference as reported in Circ PS-1858, and subsequently approved by letter ballot.The formulation and public
18、ation of API Recommended Practices is not intended to, in anyway, inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any Recommended Practice may be used by anyone desiring to do so, and a diligenteffort has been made by API to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data containedherein. However, the
19、 Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connectionwith the publication of any Recommended Practice and hereby expressly disclaims any lia-bility or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use, for any violation of any fed-eral, state, or municipal regulation with w
20、hich an API recommendation may conflict, or forthe infringement of any patent resulting from the use of this publication.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made bythe Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however,
21、 theInstitute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publicationand hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resultingfrom its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which thispublication may
22、conflict.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the general manager ofthe Upstream Segment, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington,D.C. 20005.iiiCONTENTSPage1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.1 Referenced Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 HISTORY . . . . . .
24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 TYPES OF SUBSURFACE PUMPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.4 Tubing Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.5 Rod Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 APPLICATION OF SUBSURFACE PUMPS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.1 Tubing Pumps . . . . . . . . . . .
26、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.2 Rod Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.3 To Obtain Optimum Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、 . . . . . . . . 65.4 Allowable Pump Setting Depths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 COMMON PUMP PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136.1 Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136.2 Fluid Pound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136.3 Gas Pound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146.4 Gas L
29、ock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146.5 Sand Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146.6 Scale Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146.7 Systematic Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 MATERIAL SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 PUMP REPAI
31、R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248.2 Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248.3 Insert Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248.4 Tubing Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . 469 CARE AND HANDLING OF SUBSURFACE PUMPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4710 RECORDKEEPING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Tables1 Pump Type Modes of Failure and Reference Figures . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、 . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Yield Collapse Pressure Formula Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Formula Factors and D/tRanges for Plastic Collapse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Formula Factors and D/tRanges for Transition Collapse . . . . . . .
35、 . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Common Pump Barrel Material Mechanical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Pump OD/ID/Thread Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Pump Setting Depths (ft) for Common Barrel Materials . . . . . .
36、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Pump Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Pump Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40vPageFigures1 Pumping Sys
37、tem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Operation of Tubing Type Pump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 A Typical Tubing Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 A Typical Traveling Barrel Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 A Typical Stationary Barrel, Bottom Hold Down, Pump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 A Typical Stationary Barrel,Top Hold Down, Pump . .
39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Subsurface Sucker Rod Pump Loading Configurations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 A Systematic Approach to Problem Well Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Valves Good Fluid Weight Satisfactory . . . . . . . .
40、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1610 Valves Good Fluid Weight Less Than Satisfactory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1711 Indicated Valve Leaks TV or SV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1812 Only SV or TV Recorded . . . .
41、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1913 Abnormal Load Indicated by Valve Measurements and by Card Shape . . . . . . . . 2014 A Systematic Approach to Problem Well Tests Without Weight Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2115 Pump Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2355 API Sucker Rod Pump Repair/New Pump Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4956 API Sucker Rod Pump Repair Report . . .
43、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501Recommended Practice for Care and Use of Subsurface Pumps1 Scope1.1The intent of this recommended practice is to give infor-mation on the proper selection, operation and maintenance ofsubsurface pumps so the best economical life can be
44、 obtained.1.2The basic walking-beam sucker rod combination forproducing fluids from the ground had its beginning in veryearly history. In more recent times, many advances in designand metallurgy have evolved. The method is so popular thattoday approximately 90 percent of all artificially lifted well
45、sare produced by a sucker rod pump.1.3The downhole sucker rod pump is only one portion ofthe pumping system (see Figure 1). The other major compo-nents are the sucker rod string, the surface pumping unit andthe prime mover. For proper pumping operation and longmaintenance-free runs, all components o
46、f the system must bedesigned and sized properly, taking into account well depth,the amount and viscosity of fluids (oil, water or gas) to beproduced, and abrasiveness and corrosiveness of fluids. Afailure of any one of the pumping components will result in ashut down of the system, resulting in a co
47、stly repair, down-time and possible loss of production.Figure 1Pumping SystemFoundationWire lineWire linehangarStuffingboxBleederPolished rodclampPolished rodFlow lineTubingheadCasing headPolishedrod subSurface pipeCasingSucker rodTubingBarrel couplingSucker rod couplingBarrelMetal plungerTraveling
48、valveStanding valve pullerBarrel couplingExtension nippleTubing couplingStanding valveSeating nippleTuping couplingPerforated nippleTubing couplingGas anchorMud anchorTubing couplingBull plug2 API RECOMMENDEDPRACTICE11AR2 References2.1 REFERENCED STANDARDSThis recommended practice includes by refere
49、nce, either intotal or in part, the most recent editions of the following stan-dards, unless a specific edition is listed:APIBull 5C3Bulletin on Formulas and Calculations forCasing, Tubing, Drill Pipe and Line PipePropertiesSpec 11AXSpecification for Subsurface Sucker RodPumps and FittingsNACEStd MRO176Metallic Materials for Sucker Rod Pumps forCorrosive Oilfield Environments; NationalAssociation of Corrosion Engineers2.2Other References. In addition to the referenced standardslisted above, the following technical publications were consid-ered in preparing Section 5.4 of this recommended
