1、Recommended Practice for ANSI/API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 19C FIRST EDITION, MAY 2008 CONTAINS API MONOGRAM ANNEX AS PART OFUS NATIONAL ADOPTION ISO 13503-2:2006 (Identical), Petroleum and natural gas industries Completion fluids and materials Part 2: Measurement of properties of proppants used in hydr
2、aulic fracturing and gravel-packing operations Measurement of Properties of Proppants Used in Hydraulic Fracturing and Gravel-packing OperationsSpecial Notes API publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws an
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15、ton, D.C. 20005. Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards and Publications Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20005, standardsapi.org. iii Contents Page Special Notes .i API Foreword ii Foreword .v Introductionvi 1 Scope1 2 Normative references1 3 Ab
16、breviations.1 4 Standard proppant sampling procedure.2 4.1 General .2 4.2 Particle segregation 2 4.3 Equipment 2 4.4 Number of required samples Bulk 5 4.5 Sampling Bulk material 6 4.6 Sampling Bagged material.6 5 Sample handling and storage 6 5.1 Sample reduction 6 5.2 Sample splitting.6 5.3 Sample
17、and record retention and storage 6 6 Sieve analysis 7 6.1 Purpose 7 6.2 Description.7 6.3 Equipment and materials7 6.4 Procedure.7 6.5 Calculation of the mean diameter, median diameter and standard deviation 8 6.6 Sieve calibration 10 7 Proppant sphericity and roundness12 7.1 Purpose 12 7.2 Descript
18、ion.13 7.3 Apparatus capability .13 7.4 Procedure.13 7.5 Alternate method for determining average sphericity and roundness14 8 Acid solubility 15 8.1 Purpose 15 8.2 Description.15 8.3 Equipment and materials15 8.4 Procedure.16 9 Turbidity test17 9.1 Purpose 17 9.2 Description.17 9.3 Equipment and ma
19、terials17 9.4 Equipment calibration.17 9.5 Procedure.18 10 Procedures for determining proppant bulk density, apparent density and absolute density 18 10.1 Purpose 18 10.2 Description.18 iv 10.3 Bulk density. 18 10.4 Apparent density. 21 10.5 Absolute density. 23 11 Proppant crush-resistance test. 23
20、 11.1 Purpose 23 11.2 Description 24 11.3 Equipment and materials . 24 11.4 Sample preparation 24 11.5 Crush-resistance procedure 25 12 Loss on ignition of resin-coated proppant 27 12.1 Objective 27 12.2 Apparatus and materials 27 12.3 Loss-on-ignition procedure for whole-grain proppant . 27 Annex A
21、 (informative) Formazin solution preparation . 29 Bibliography . 30 v Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO techni
22、cal committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely w
23、ith the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft Int
24、ernational Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document m
25、ay be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 13503-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries, Subcommittee SC 3, Dri
26、lling and completion fluids, and well cements. ISO 13503 consists of the following parts, under the general title Petroleum and natural gas industries Completion fluids and materials: Part 1: Measurement of viscous properties of completion fluids Part 2: Measurement of properties of proppants used i
27、n hydraulic fracturing and gravel-packing operations Part 3: Testing of heavy brines Part 4: Procedure for measuring stimulation and gravel-pack fluid leakoff under static conditions Part 5: Procedures for measuring the long-term conductivity of proppants vi Introduction This part of ISO 13503 is a
28、compilation and modification of API RP 56 1, API RP 58 2and API RP 60 3. The procedures have been developed to improve the quality of proppants delivered to the well site. They are for use in evaluating certain physical properties used in hydraulic fracturing and gravel-packing operations. These tes
29、ts should enable users to compare the physical characteristics of various proppants tested under the described conditions and to select materials useful for hydraulic fracturing and gravel-packing operations. The procedures presented in this part of ISO 13503 are not intended to inhibit the developm
30、ent of new technology, material improvements or improved operational procedures. Qualified engineering analysis and judgment are required for their application to a specific situation. In this part of ISO 13503, where practical, US Customary (USC) units are included in brackets for information. Anne
31、x A of this part of ISO 13503 is for information only. 1 Petroleum and natural gas industries Completion fluids and materials Part 2: Measurement of properties of proppants used in hydraulic fracturing and gravel-packing operations 1 Scope This part of ISO 13503 provides standard testing procedures
32、for evaluating proppants used in hydraulic fracturing and gravel-packing operations. NOTE “Proppants” mentioned henceforth in this part of ISO 13503 refer to sand, ceramic media, resin-coated proppants, gravel-packing media and other materials used for hydraulic fracturing and gravel-packing operati
33、ons. The objective of this part of ISO 13503 is to provide a consistent methodology for testing performed on hydraulic fracturing and/or gravel-packing proppants. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, o
34、nly the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ASTM E11, Standard Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for Testing Purposes 3 Abbreviations API American Petroleum Institute ASTM American Society for Testing
35、and Materials ASG apparent specific gravity FTU formazin turbidity unit HCI hydrochloric acid HF hydrofluoric acid LOI loss on ignition NTU nephelometric turbidity unit 2 API Recommended Practice 19C/ISO 13503-2 4 Standard proppant sampling procedure 4.1 General Before any sample is taken, consider
36、what tests will be performed, as each test requires a different volume. It is very important that both the supplier and customer obtain the best representative sample possible. Unless the sample is truly representative of a total shipment or container, testing and correlation with specifications/sta
37、ndards is very difficult. It is unlikely that sampling/testing methods in the field duplicate the producers system. The standard procedures included within this part of ISO 13503 are to assist in obtaining representative samples. However, there are inherent variations associated with sampling, testi
38、ng equipment and the procedures that can lead to inconsistent results. A sample that is representative of a truckload 23 000 kg (50 700 lb) or a railcar load 90 000 kg (198 000 lb) can be an initial source of wide variation when making comparisons. All parties shall take care to insure uniform sampl
39、ing. The customer and the supplier shall agree on sampling and testing methods/techniques. For the best representation, continuous sampling is ideal. Although many proppant suppliers utilize automatic sampling, it is usually impractical at the job site. If sampling is conducted while unloading a con
40、tainer or at the site, consideration should be given to the number or frequency of samples. If bulk containers are filled from a flowing stream of proppant material, sampling procedures in accordance with 4.5 shall be applied. If bulk containers are filled using sacked proppant material, sampling pr
41、ocedures in accordance with 4.6 shall be applied. 4.2 Particle segregation It is important to have a basic understanding of segregation when sampling proppant. Depending on the size, shape, distribution and mechanisms involved, there is usually a certain amount of error or variability involved in sa
42、mpling due to segregation. The sampling procedures described here are the result of much experience and are designed to minimize the effects of segregation of particles by size. Particles, such as proppants, naturally find the path of least resistance when moved or when force is applied. During tran
43、sfer or movement, particles of differing size and mass naturally separate or segregate. The degree of segregation depends on the mechanisms involved in the transfer or movement. There are several forces, such as gravity, acting on a stream of particles as it flows. Within a moving stream, fine parti
44、cles drop through the voids or gaps and coarser particles move to the outside. The fine particles migrate and usually rest close to the area where they land. The heavier, coarser particles bounce or roll much further, stratifying the material by size. 4.3 Equipment The following equipment shall be u
45、sed to compile representative proppant material samples. 4.3.1 Box sampling device, with a 13 mm (0.50 in) slot opening. The length of the 13 mm (0.50 in) slot shall be longer than the thickness of the stream being sampled. The volume of the sampler shall be large enough so as to not overflow while
46、cutting through the entire stream. A box sampling device meeting these criteria is shown in Figure 1. 4.3.2 Sample reducer, of appropriate size for handling sack-size samples and reducing the material to 1/16 of the original mass; see Figure 2. 4.3.3 Sample splitter, of appropriate size; see Figure
47、3. Measurement of Properties of Proppants Used in Hydraulic Fracturing and Gravel-packing Operations 3 Dimensions in centimetres (inches) Key 1 sampler body, 15.9 20.9 6.35 (6.25 8.25 2.5) 3 pipe coupling 2 handle 4 sample opening, 1.27 (0.50) Figure 1 Box sampling device 4 API Recommended Practice
48、19C/ISO 13503-2 Dimensions in centimetres (inches) Key 1 main body, 36.8 48.3 11.4 (14.5 19.0 4.5) 5 hopper, 36.8 24.1 15.2 (14.5 9.5 6.0) 2 splitter plate, 5.1 5.1 5.1 (2 2 2) 6 gate, 36.8 19.1 0.32 (14.5 7.5 0.125) 3 discharge plate, 36.8 30.5 0.32 (14.5 12 0.125) 7 hand knob, 3.8 (1.5) diameter 4
49、 discharge chute, 5.7 5.7 7.6 (2.25 2.25 3.0) 8 support stand assembly, 71.1 38.1 68.6 (28 15 27) Figure 2 Sample reducer Measurement of Properties of Proppants Used in Hydraulic Fracturing and Gravel-packing Operations 5 Dimensions in centimetres (inches) Key 1 main body, 29.2 27.9 16.5 (11.5 11.0 6.5) 2 handle 3 gate plate 4 hopper 5 pan 6 splitter vanes, 1.25 (0.5) Figure 3 Sample splitter 4.4 Number of required samples Bulk 4.4.1 Proppants for hydraulic fracturing A minimum
