1、Recommended Practice for Lightning Protection of Aboveground Storage Tanks for Flammable or Combustible LiquidsAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 545 FIRST EDITION, OCTOBER 2009Recommended Practice for Lightning Protection of Aboveground Storage Tanks for Flammable or Combustible LiquidsDownstream SegmentAPI
2、RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 545 FIRST EDITION, OCTOBER 2009Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consu
3、ltants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information
4、or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made
5、by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use o
6、r for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound eng
7、ineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requiremen
8、ts of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.Where applicable, authorities having jurisdiction should be consulted.Wo
9、rk sites and equipment operations may differ. Users are solely responsible for assessing their specific equipment and premises in determining the appropriateness of applying the Recommended Practice. At all times users should employ sound business, scientific, engineering, and judgment safety when u
10、sing this Recommended Practice.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher
11、, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2009 American Petroleum InstituteForewordThis Recommended Practice (RP) is based on the accumulated knowledge and experience of purchasers and manufacturers of welded steel oil storage tanks of various sizes and capacities
12、for internal pressures not more than 17.2 kPa (2 1/2 psi) gauge. This RP is meant to be a purchase specification to facilitate the manufacture and procurement of storage tanks for the petroleum industry. If the tanks are purchased in accordance with this RP, the purchaser is required to specify cert
13、ain basic requirements. The purchaser may want to modify, delete, or amplify sections of this RP, but reference to this RP shall not be made on the nameplates of or on the manufacturers certification for tanks that do not fulfill the minimum requirements of this RP or that exceed its limitations. It
14、 is strongly recommended that any modifications, deletions, or amplifications be made by supplementing this RP rather than by rewriting or incorporating sections of it into another complete RP. The design rules given in this RP are minimum requirements. More stringent design rules specified by the p
15、urchaser or furnished by the manufacturer are acceptable when mutually agreed upon by the purchaser and the manufacturer. This RP is not to be interpreted as approving, recommending, or endorsing any specific design or as limiting the method of design or construction.Shall: As used in a RP, “shall”
16、denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the specification. Should: As used in a RP, “should” denotes a recommendation or that which is advised but not required in order to conform to the specification.This RP is not intended to cover storage tanks that are to be erected in areas subject
17、 to regulations more stringent than the specifications in this RP. When this RP is specified for such tanks, it should be followed insofar as it does not conflict with local requirements. The purchaser is responsible for specifying any jurisdictional requirements applicable to the design and constru
18、ction of the tank. After revisions to this RP have been issued, they may be applied to tanks that are to be completed after the date of issue. The tank nameplate shall state the date of the edition of the RP and any revision to that edition to which the tank has been designed and constructed. Each e
19、dition, revision, or addendum to this RP may be used beginning with the date of issuance shown on the cover page for that edition, revision, or addendum. Each edition, revision, or addendum to this RP becomes effective six months after the date of issuance for equipment that is certified as being co
20、nstructed, and tested per this RP. During the six-month time between the date of issuance of the edition, revision, or addendum and the effective date, the purchaser and the manufacturer shall specify to which edition, revision, or addendum the equipment is to be constructed and tested. API publicat
21、ions may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims an
22、y liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict.API standards are published as an aid to procurement of standardized equipment and materials and/or as good practice pr
23、ocedures. These standards are not intended to inhibit purchasers or producers from purchasing or producing products made to specifications other than those of API.This publication was produced following API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the deve
24、lopmental process and is designated as an API standard.Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, API, 1220 L Str
25、eet, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the Director of Standards. Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time ex
26、tension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.A catalogue of API publications can be found at www.api.org/publications. Suggested revisions are invited and should b
27、e submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org .iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 App
28、licability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Application of Requirements to New and Existing Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、. 12 Normative References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Protection of Specific Types of Tanks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 Fixed-roof Tanks (Metallic) and Tanks with Internal Floating Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、 . . . . . 34.2 External Floating Roof Tanks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Metal Thickness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Inspection and Maintenance Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Annex A (informative) General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Annex B (informative) Understanding Lightning Discharge and its Secondary Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Annex C (informative) Different Seal Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、 . . . . . . . . . . 12FiguresA.1 The Process of Attachment from Lightning Cloud to a Tank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6A.2 Components of Typical Negative Cloud-to-ground Lightning Stroke. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7A.3 Cur
35、rent Routes for Flash to a) Top of Shell, b) Floating Roof, c) Ground Near a Floating-roof Tank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9TableA.1 Lightning Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8v1Recommended Practice for Lightning Protection of Aboveground Storage Tanks for Flammable or Combustible Liquids1 ScopeAPI RP 545, First Edition, Recommended Practice for Lightning Protection of Aboveground Storage Tanks
37、 for Flammable or Combustible Liquids, replaces the requirements of API 2003 regarding lightning protection for preventing fires in storage tanks with flammable or combustible contents. This recommended practice (RP) provides guidance and information to assist owners/operators with lightning protect
38、ion for tanks. This RP does not provide complete protection for all possible lightning stroke occurrences.1.1 ApplicabilityThis RP is applicable to tanks as described in API 650. 1.2 Application of Requirements to New and Existing TanksThe requirements of this RP shall apply to new or reconstructed
39、tanks. The requirements may be applied to existing tanks at the discretion of the owner/operator. 2 Normative ReferencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest
40、edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. API/EI Technical Report 545-A, Verification of lightning protection requirements for above ground hydrocarbon storage tanksAPI Standard 650, Welded Tanks for Oil StorageAPI Standard 653, Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and R
41、econstructionAPI Standard 2003, Protection Against Ignitions Arising Out of Static, Lightning, and Stray CurrentsASTM D3453 1, Standard Specification for Flexible Cellular MaterialsBS EN 14015 2, Specification for the design and manufacture of site built, vertical, cylindrical, flat-bottomed, above
42、ground, welded, steel tanks for the storage of liquids at ambient temperature and aboveEMMUA 159 3, Users Guide to the Inspection, Maintenance and Repair of Aboveground Vertical Cylindrical Steel Storage TanksNFPA 780 4, Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection SystemsSAE ARP 5412 5, Ai
43、rcraft Lightning Environment and Related Test Waveforms 1ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428, www.astm.org.2European Committee for Standardization, Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium, www.cen.eu.3The Engineering Equipment and Material Users Assoc
44、iation, 10-12 Lovat Lane, London, EC3R 8DN, United Kingdom, www.eemua.org.4National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, Massachusetts 02169-7471, www.nfpa.org.5Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, Pennsylvania 15096-0001, www.sae.org.2 API RECOMM
45、ENDED PRACTICE 545Lightning: Physics and Effects, Vladimir A. Rakov and Martin A. Uman, 2003All About Lightning, Martin A. Uman, 1986The Lightning Discharge, Martin A. Uman, 19873 Terms and DefinitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply.3.1action integralThe joule or o
46、hmic heating energy dissipated per unit resistance at the lightning attachment point. The action integral is measured in A2s (amperes-squared seconds), which is the same as J1(joules per ohm) (Rakov and Uman, Lightning: Physics and Effects, p. 277).3.2bondingAn electrical connection between two elec
47、trically conductive objects that is intended to significantly reduce potential differences. 3.3bypass conductorA conductive cable that provides a direct electrical connection between the tank shell and the tank floating roof.3.4external floating roof tank EFRTAn aboveground tank with a floating roof
48、, which has no fixed roof and has an open top.3.5flashA complete discharge of the cell between the thundercloud and ground (as it applies to cloud-to-ground lightning) (Uman, The Lightning Discharge, p. 10).3.6grounded (grounding)Connected (connecting) to ground or to a conductive body that extends
49、the ground connection (NFPA 780).3.7internal floating-roof tank IFRTAn aboveground fixed roof tank with a floating roof inside the tank. 3.8release prevention barrier A release prevention barrier includes steel bottoms, synthetic materials, clay liners, and all other barriers or combination of barriers placed in the bottom of or under an aboveground storage tank, which have the following functions: a) preventing the escape of contaminated material, andb) containing or channeling released material for leak detection.RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR LIGHTNING PROTECTION OF ABOVEGROUND STORAGE
