1、 GUIDANCE NOTES ON ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF NAVIGATION BRIDGES OCTOBER 2003 American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of Legislature of the State of New York 1862 Copyright 2003 American Bureau of Shipping ABS Plaza 16855 Northchase Drive Houston, TX 77060 USA This Page Intentionally Left Blank ABS
2、GUIDANCE NOTES ON ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF NAVIGATION BRIDGES .2003 iii Foreword The focus of ergonomics is the study of the role of humans in the safe and efficient operation of complex industrial systems and the application of ergonomic principles and data to the design of equipment and systems. The im
3、portance of the “human element” and ergonomics in maritime safety is increasingly recognized and embraced by the maritime community (ONeil, 2001). These Guidance Notes for the Ergonomic Design of Navigation Bridges inform vessel designers of the ergonomic principles and data appropriate to the desig
4、n of navigation bridges; and in doing so serve to supplement and support the ABS Guide for Bridge Design and Navigational Equipment/Systems. These Guidance Notes are consistent with the principal international statutory and discretionary guidance addressing the design of bridge systems, including: I
5、nternational Association of Classification Societies Standard for Bridge Design, Equipment, and Arrangement; International Safety of Life at Sea Convention (SOLAS), as amended, and; the International Maritime Organizations Guidelines on Ergonomic Criteria for Bridge Equipment and Layout. The guidanc
6、e contained in this document is deemed generally appropriate to seagoing vessels of various types and categories, such as container vessels, oil carriers, bulk carriers, workboats, ferries, surface type utility vessels passenger vessels and so on. This being the case, this document provides: i) Gene
7、ral ergonomic design guidance (design principles) for navigation bridges (Section 2), ii) Specific bridge design guidance gleaned from international sources, such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) (see Sections 3 thr
8、ough 11), iii) A process to identify individual vessel bridge requirements to guide application of ergonomic design principles (see Appendix 1). These Guidance Notes do not provide more generally applicable detailed ergonomic design guidance or data, such as control dimensions, environmental limits
9、or human anthropometry. Those data can be found in the ABS Guidance Notes on the Application of Ergonomics to Marine Systems. Detailed environmental control guidance is available in the ABS Guide for Crew Habitability on Ships and the ABS Guide for Crew Habitability on Offshore Installations. These
10、Guidance Notes do not restate all of the bridge-related requirements of international agreements and statutes. Designers must use those source documents to create and define a base bridge requirements matrix for any particular bridge design effort. This document can be used to support the identifica
11、tion or refinement of requirements based on: ergonomic analysis techniques; the application of guiding principles of ergonomic design as related to bridges; and the application of detailed guidance contained in these Guidance Notes. This Page Intentionally Left Blank ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON ERGONOMIC D
12、ESIGN OF NAVIGATION BRIDGES .2003 v GUIDANCE NOTES ON ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF NAVIGATION BRIDGES CONTENTS SECTION 1 Introduction 1 1 Background1 2 Application .1 3 Scope.1 SECTION 2 General Guidance (Principles of Ergonomic Design).3 1 Background3 2 Terminology .3 3 General Guidance4 3.1 Principle 1: De
13、fine the Roles and Responsibilities of Bridge Personnel.4 3.2 Principle 2: Design for Human Capabilities, Limitations and Expectations.5 3.3 Principle 3: Arrange Bridge Devices, Controls and Displays to Maximize Access7 3.4 Principle 4: Design Displays Consistent with Task Requirements8 3.5 Principl
14、e 5: Design Simple, Direct and Easy to Use Inputs and Controls.10 3.6 Principle 6: Design for Productive Performance and to Reduce Human Error 11 3.7 Principle 7: Provide Job Aids and Training.12 3.8 Principle 8: Perform Testing.13 SECTION 3 Bridge Functionality 15 1 Background15 2 Terminology .15 3
15、 General Guidance15 3.1 Bridge Functions .15 3.2 Growth of Bridge Functionality 16 3.3 Ancillary Bridge Functions.16 TABLE 1 Sample Bridge Functions and Responsibilities17 vi ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF NAVIGATION BRIDGES .2003 SECTION 4 Bridge Arrangement and Layout 19 1 Background19 2
16、 Terminology .19 3 Internal Visibility .20 3.1 Height of Lower Edge of Front Windows .20 3.2 Height of Upper Edge of Front Windows .20 3.3 Window Framing .20 3.4 Window Inclination 21 3.5 Clear View.21 3.6 Visibility from Bridge Window 22 4 External Visibility22 4.1 View of Sea Surface22 4.2 Field o
17、f View Around Vessel22 4.3 Navigating and Maneuvering Workstation Field of View 23 4.4 Bridge Wing Field of View .24 4.5 Main Steering Position Field of View .24 4.6 Blind Sectors .25 4.7 View of the Vessels Side 25 5 Overall Arrangement25 5.1 Vessel Control .25 5.2 Navigating and Maneuvering Workst
18、ations .26 5.3 Manual Steering Workstation 26 5.4 Monitoring Workstation26 5.5 Main Stations Communication.26 5.6 Bridge Wing Communication.26 6 Traffic .27 6.1 Clear Route Across the Wheelhouse 27 6.2 Obstructions at the Point of Entry27 6.3 Adjacent Workstations.27 6.4 Passageway Distance .27 6.5
19、Doors.27 6.6 Bridge Ceiling Clearance Height .27 6.7 Main Workstations.27 7 Sound Signals28 7.1 Audibility of Sound Signals Inside the Bridge 28 7.2 External Sound Signals .28 FIGURE 1 Example of Height of Upper Edge of Front Window in Relation to Eye Height .21 FIGURE 2 View of Sea Surface 22 FIGUR
20、E 3 Field of View Around Vessel23 FIGURE 4 Navigating, Maneuvering and Monitoring Workstations and Conning Position Field of View .23 FIGURE 5 Bridge Wing Field of View24 FIGURE 6 Main Steering Position Field of View .24 FIGURE 7 Typical Bridge Arrangement 25 ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF
21、 NAVIGATION BRIDGES .2003 vii SECTION 5 Console and Workspace Design 29 1 Background29 2 Terminology .29 3 Configuration29 3.1 Workstation Area Configuration 29 3.2 Single Watchstander Console.29 3.3 Design of Consoles for both Seated and Standing Operation 29 3.4 Console Left-to-Right Viewing Angle
22、.30 3.5 Console Height30 3.6 Console Leg Room .30 3.7 Chart Table Dimensions31 3.8 Chair Design .31 4 Location of Instruments and Equipment 32 4.1 Location Above Front Window 32 4.2 Instruments and Equipment at Navigating and Maneuvering Workstations32 4.3 Other Instrument and Equipment Locations33
23、4.4 Mounting .34 4.5 Portable Items.34 5 Communication Devices 34 5.1 Internal and External Communications .34 5.2 Additional Communications Equipment.35 5.3 Radiotelephone Public Correspondence.35 5.4 Written Communications Reception35 FIGURE 1 Console Configuration and Dimensions for Standing Posi
24、tions.30 FIGURE 2 Console Configuration and Dimensions for Sitting Positions.31 SECTION 6 Detailed Design 37 1 Background37 2 Terminology .37 3 Display Arrangement .37 3.1 Immediate Field of View37 3.2 Preferred Viewing Area .37 4 Information Display 38 4.1 Lack of Ambiguity38 4.2 Digital Displays38
25、 4.3 Update of Information38 4.4 Information Duration39 4.5 Display Simplicity 39 4.6 Tailoring the Display to Bridge Personnel Needs39 4.7 Display Fields for the Display of Important Information 39 4.8 Graphic Display Enhancement39 viii ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF NAVIGATION BRIDGES .2
26、003 4.9 Indication of Scale .39 4.10 Aiding Distance Judgments.39 4.11 Multifunction Displays39 5 Organization of Visual Information.39 5.1 Consistent Screen Organization39 5.2 Consistent Presentation 39 5.3 Grouping of Information on a Display 39 5.4 Demarcation of Information Groups 40 5.5 High Pr
27、iority Displays 40 5.6 Centering of Shared Displays40 5.7 Instrumentation Grouping40 6 Display Design .40 6.1 Font Style 40 6.2 Meaningful Abbreviations 40 6.3 Units of Measurement .40 6.4 Icons40 6.5 Scaling in Standard Intervals.41 6.6 Expansion of Graphic Displays41 6.7 Unobtrusive Grids41 7 Cont
28、rol Design .41 7.1 Control Placement.41 7.2 Control Positioning for Simultaneous Operation41 7.3 Location of Primary and Frequently Used Controls .41 7.4 Consistent Arrangement41 7.5 Spacing Between Controls 41 7.6 Movement of Controls .41 7.7 Corresponding Movements .42 7.8 Return to Navigation Mon
29、itoring Mode 42 7.9 Minimal Actions .42 7.10 Consistency of Control Actions42 7.11 Feedback.42 7.12 Ease of Operation of Controls .42 7.13 Display Obscuration by Operation of Controls.42 7.14 Controls for Important Functions .42 7.15 Prevention of Accidental Input or Actuation.43 7.16 Control Purpos
30、e 43 7.17 Simple Controls and Indicators43 7.18 Operation of Controls 43 8 Control and Display Integration .43 8.1 Logical Arrangement .43 8.2 Location Consistency 43 8.3 Visual Information for More than One Watchstander.43 8.4 Control and Display Location.43 8.5 Simultaneous Use .43 8.6 Control/Ind
31、icator Distinctiveness .43 8.7 Readability of Instruments.44 8.8 Instrument Placement .44 ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF NAVIGATION BRIDGES .2003 ix 8.9 Glare Minimization 44 8.10 Principal Maneuvering Instruments.44 8.11 Contrast Ratio .44 8.12 Character Type .45 9 Control and Display Fai
32、lure Prevention .45 9.1 Loss of Power .45 9.2 Computer Network Failure 45 FIGURE 1 Immediate and Preferred Viewing Areas.38 SECTION 7 Design of Alarms and Warnings.47 1 Background47 2 Terminology .47 3 General 47 3.1 Bridge Control System Failure 47 3.2 Alarm Acknowledgement 47 3.3 Fire and Emergenc
33、y Alarms47 3.4 Failure or Reduction of Power Supply.48 3.5 Sensor Input Failure or Absence.48 3.6 Alarm Status .48 3.7 Continuation of Alarms48 3.8 Cancellation of Alarms 48 3.9 Alarm Minimization48 3.10 Alarm Testing48 3.11 Alarm Power Supply48 3.12 Indication of Alarms.48 3.13 Presentation of Alar
34、ms48 3.14 Modes of Alarms .48 3.15 Distribution of Power Supply Failure Alarm.48 3.16 Location of Alarms 48 4 Alarm/Warning Transfer System49 4.1 Alarms Requiring Response .49 4.2 Fixed Location for Transfer .49 4.3 Alarm Acknowledgement on Bridge 49 4.4 Two-Way Speech Capability During Alarm Transf
35、er.49 5 Alarms Concerning Navigation 49 5.1 Alarm System49 5.2 Planned Route Deviation 49 5.3 Water Depth50 5.4 Hydraulic Locking50 6 Visual Alarms.50 6.1 Discrimination of Visual Alarms.50 6.2 Presentation of Visual Alarms .50 6.3 Presentation of Normal Conditions (No Alarm) .50 6.4 Flash Rate.50 6
36、.5 Lamp Testing 50 x ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF NAVIGATION BRIDGES .2003 6.6 Visual Alarms and Night Vision .50 7 Audible Alarms.51 7.1 Use of Audible Alarms.51 7.2 Cessation of Audible Alarms .51 7.3 Differentiation of Audible Alarms from Other Signals 51 7.4 Audible Alarm Sound Chara
37、cteristics 51 SECTION 8 Procedures, Codes and Job Aids. 53 1 Background53 2 Terminology .53 3 Coding53 3.1 General53 3.2 Color Coding .54 3.3 Shape Coding55 3.4 Audible Coding 55 4 Operating and Emergency Procedures .56 4.1 General Guidelines56 4.2 Design of Procedures56 5 Labels, Placards and Job P
38、erformance Aids.58 5.1 General58 5.2 Functional Labeling .58 5.3 Label Terminology.58 5.4 Operating/Technical Manual Availability58 TABLE 1 Color Coding Recommendations for Displays.54 TABLE 2 Color Coding Recommendations for Controls .54 TABLE 3 Basic Types of Audible Signals for Use on Navigation
39、Bridges.56 SECTION 9 Work Environment. 59 1 Background59 2 Terminology .59 3 Vibration.60 3.1 Vibration Levels and Comfort 60 3.2 Whole Body Vibration Limits60 3.3 Preventing Motion Sickness 60 4 Noise60 4.1 General60 4.2 Maximum Noise Levels .60 4.3 Location of Noise Sources.60 4.4 Audible Alarm So
40、und Pressure Levels 61 5 Lighting.61 5.1 General61 5.2 Task Area Lighting 61 5.3 Glare .61 5.4 Adjustability of the Lighting System.61 ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF NAVIGATION BRIDGES .2003 xi 5.5 Dark Adaptation 61 5.6 Lighting Controls .62 5.7 Flicker Avoidance62 5.8 Lighting Control De
41、vice .62 5.9 Indirect Low-Level Lighting .62 6 Device and Instrument Illumination62 6.1 Instrument and Control Illumination and Lighting 62 6.2 Lighting for Night Time and Dark Operations 62 6.3 Instrument Lighting62 7 Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning 62 7.1 General .62 7.2 Temperature Rang
42、e63 7.3 Effective Temperature.63 7.4 Temperature Differences 63 7.5 Humidity 63 7.6 Hot Air Discharge63 7.7 Cold Air Discharge 63 7.8 Air Velocities .63 7.9 Positive Pressure 63 7.10 Supply Airflow .63 SECTION 10 Maintenance by Bridge Persons on Watch Duty 65 1 Background65 2 Terminology .65 3 Bridg
43、e Watchstander Maintenance65 3.1 Minimize Maintenance Requirements .65 3.2 Maintenance Performed within the Bridge Area Only66 3.3 Maintenance Interface and Communications 66 3.4 Bridge Deck Drainage .66 SECTION 11 Personnel Safety67 1 Background67 2 Terminology .67 3 Occupational Safety.67 3.1 Brid
44、ge Physical Hazards .67 3.2 Securing Equipment67 3.3 Safety Equipment Accessibility .67 3.4 Secure Seating67 3.5 Adequate Electrical Outlets.68 3.6 Refreshment Facilities.68 3.7 Emergency Lighting 68 3.8 Redundant Lighting Circuits 68 3.9 Handrails and Grab Rails 68 4 Mechanical/Electrical Safety68
45、4.1 Electrical Circuit Fault Isolation .68 4.2 Grounding of Metal on the Bridge .68 xii ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF NAVIGATION BRIDGES .2003 4.3 Component Replacement Safeguards 68 5 Bridge Surfaces .68 5.1 Bridge Finishes68 5.2 Glare-Free Surfaces68 5.3 Non-Slip Surfaces .69 5.4 Robust
46、 Surfaces69 5.5 Bridge Deck Drainage .69 SECTION 12 Facilities 71 1 Background71 2 Terminology .71 3 Food and Refreshment 71 3.1 Design of Refreshment Facilities.71 4 Sanitary Facilities.71 4.1 Availability of Toilet Facilities.71 5 Interior Dcor .71 5.1 Bridge Color Choice 71 5.2 Interior Color Des
47、ign .71 5.3 Reflectance Range of Colors.72 TABLE 1 Reflectance Ranges of Typical Color Densities.72 APPENDIX 1 Ergonomic Design and Evaluation Process 73 1 Introduction 73 2 Terminology .73 3 Navigation Bridge Ergonomic Design Processes 74 3.1 New Bridge Design Process74 3.2 Processes for Improving
48、Design Aspects of Existing Navigation Bridges 81 TABLE 1 Human and Machine Capabilities 76 TABLE 2 Potential Verification Measures of Human Performance on Existing System.90 FIGURE 1 Simple Function Allocation Model to Reduce Workload77 FIGURE 2 Concept Development and Exploration .79 FIGURE 3 Demon
49、stration and Validation Process80 APPENDIX 2 Glossary 93 APPENDIX 3 Acronyms and Abbreviations. 97 APPENDIX 4 References 99 ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF NAVIGATION BRIDGES .2003 1 SECTION 1 Introduction 1 Background The ABS Guide for Bridge Design and Navigational Equipment/Systems presents requirements that “are applicable to vessels possessing SOLAS certificates and having the bridge so designed and equipped as to enhance the safety and efficiency of navigation.” That Guide also recommends that the design of bridges is to be based on sound ergonomic principles. To support
