1、 GUIDE FOR ERGONOMIC NOTATIONS JULY 2013 Guide to Color Coding Used in Online Version of the Guide The following summarizes the colors corresponding to Rule Changes, Corrigenda items and editorial changes in the Guide files which are available for download. Rule Changes: Corrigenda: CORRIGENDA/EDITO
2、RIALS 1 July 2015 Editorials: Editorial Changes Guide for Ergonomic Notations GUIDE FOR ERGONOMIC NOTATIONS JULY 2013 (Updated July 2015 see next page) American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of Legislature of the State of New York 1862 Copyright 2013 American Bureau of Shipping ABS Plaza 16
3、855 Northchase Drive Houston, TX 77060 USA Updates July 2015 consolidation includes: July 2013 version plus Corrigenda/Editorials Foreword Foreword Ergonomics is defined as “the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and th
4、e profession that applies theory, principles, data, and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance” (International Ergonomics Association, 2011). This Guide provides requirements for ABS ergonomic notations in the following areas: Ergonomic Topsides Design
5、 (ERGO TOP) notation is directed at assessing the human and topsides structure fit and compatibility, including external ramps, ladders, platforms, and other topsides structures (weather deck area) associated with crew mobility and task performance. Ergonomic Enclosed Space Design (ERGO ES) notation
6、 is directed at assessing the human and compatibility of areas inside the skin of the vessel below the main deck (whether of a ship or offshore structure). These include interior ramps, passageways, ramps hatches and scuttles, and other below-decks structures associated with crew mobility and task p
7、erformance. Ergonomic Valves Design (ERGO VALVE) notation is directed at assessing the access, orientation, and use of operating and maintenance valves with regard to accessibility and ease of identification and use. Ergonomic Maintenance Design (ERGO MAINT) notation is directed at assessing the acc
8、ess and use of maintenance locations (spaces, platforms, access aids) with regard to maintenance safety and ease of accessibility. This Guide becomes effective on the first day of the month of publication. Users are advised to check periodically on the ABS website www.eagle.org to verify that this v
9、ersion of this Guide is the most current. We welcome your feedback. Comments or suggestions can be sent electronically by email to rsdeagle.org. ABSGUIDE FOR ERGONOMIC NOTATIONS .2013 iii Table of Contents GUIDE FOR ERGONOMIC NOTATIONS CONTENTS SECTION 1 Introduction 1 1 Scope and Application 1 2 Us
10、ing this Guide 1 3 Terminology 2 4 Notations . 4 5 Process for Obtaining a Notation 4 5.1 Design Compliance Verification . 4 5.2 Results . 4 6 Surveys after Construction 4 6.1 Annual Surveys . 4 6.2 Requirements for Vessel Alterations 5 7 Alternatives . 5 7.1 General 5 7.2 Other Regulations 5 7.3 De
11、partures from Criteria 5 TABLE 1 Requirements by Topic . 2 SECTION 2 Documentation . 6 1 Plans, Certifications, and Documentation . 6 SECTION 3 Notations . 7 1 ERGO Notation Requirements 7 TABLE 1 Requirements for each ERGO Notation 7 SECTION 4 Requirements for Notation(s) 8 1 Stairs . 8 1.1 General
12、 8 1.2 Landings 8 1.3 Stair Risers and Treads . 9 1.4 Headroom 9 1.5 Stair Handrails . 10 1.6 Dimensions 10 iv ABSGUIDE FOR ERGONOMIC NOTATIONS .2013 2 Walkways and Ramps 10 2.1 General Principles . 10 2.2 Design Loads 11 2.3 Walkway Design 11 3 Vertical and Inclined Ladders . 13 3.1 General 13 3.2
13、Design Loads 13 3.3 Vertical Ladders 13 3.4 Rung Design 14 3.5 Provision of Platforms . 14 3.6 Vertical Ladders as Means of Access . 14 3.7 Vertical Ladder Design and Dimensions . 14 3.8 Individual Rung Ladders 18 3.9 Inclined Ladders 19 4 Guard Rails and Climber Safety Devices . 23 4.1 General Prin
14、ciples . 23 4.2 Handrail Dimensions with a Toeboard . 24 4.3 Provision of Safety Railings . 24 4.4 Deck Edge, Elevated Walkway Railing Design 25 4.5 Safety Cages . 26 4.6 Climber Safety Rails or Cables 27 4.7 Safety Drop Bars . 29 4.8 Safety Gates 29 5 Fall Protection from Secondary Fall Points . 29
15、 5.1 General 29 5.2 General Principles . 30 5.3 Use of Vertical Ladder Safety Gates or Bars versus Safety Chains . 35 6 Work Platforms . 35 6.1 General Principles . 35 6.2 Design Loads 35 7 Handles . 36 7.1 General 36 7.2 Handle Design/Placement . 36 8 Hatches . 41 8.1 General 41 8.2 General Princip
16、les . 41 8.3 Hatch Design . 41 8.4 Horizontal Hatch Access near a Coaming . 42 8.5 Horizontal Hatch Access through a Deck 44 9 Doors and Scuttles 44 9.1 General 44 9.2 Means of Escape or Egress 44 9.3 Deck Scuttles 45 10 Manual Valve Operation, Access, Location, and Orientation . 45 10.1 General 45
17、10.2 Categorization of Valves for Selection of Location 45 ABSGUIDE FOR ERGONOMIC NOTATIONS .2013 v 10.3 Principles . 46 10.4 Valve Mounting Heights and Orientations 48 10.5 Alternative Valve Orientations . 52 11 Maintenance or Operational Access . 57 11.1 Maintenance or Operational Access Criticali
18、ty Analysis 57 11.2 Principles . 57 11.3 Access Design . 58 TABLE 1 Stair Handrail Arrangements . 10 TABLE 2 Inclination of Ladders 13 TABLE 3 Guardrail Requirements for Vertical Ladders without Safety Cages or Climber Safety Rails/Cables 30 TABLE 4 Guardrail Requirements for Vertical Ladders with S
19、afety Cages and without Climber Safety Rails or Cables 33 TABLE 5 Access Opening and Mounting Depth Dimensions for Levers and Handwheels Oriented Parallel to the Standing Surface . 54 TABLE 6 Seated, Forward Reach Both Arms . 59 TABLE 7 Cross-Legged Seated, Forward Reach Both Arms . 59 TABLE 8 Stand
20、ing, Forward Reach Both Arms 60 TABLE 9 Standing, Single Arm Forward Reach . 60 TABLE 10 Standing, Single Arm Lateral Reach . 61 TABLE 11 Squatting, Kneeling Space Dimensions 61 TABLE 12 Opening Dimensions for Single Hand Access with Tools . 62 TABLE 13 Opening Dimensions for Single Hand Access with
21、out Tools . 63 TABLE 14 Opening Dimensions for Arm Access without Tools . 63 TABLE 15 Opening Dimensions for Two Hand Access . 64 TABLE 16 Hatch Shapes and Dimensions . 64 TABLE 17 Minimum Dimensions for Crawlways 65 FIGURE 1 Stair Step Riser and Tread Design . 9 FIGURE 2 Walkway and Ramp Design 12
22、FIGURE 3 Vertical Ladders (General Criteria) . 15 FIGURE 4 Staggered Vertical Ladder 16 FIGURE 5 Vertical Ladders to Landings (Side Mount) . 17 FIGURE 6 Vertical Ladders to Landings (Ladder through Platform) 18 FIGURE 7 Individual Rung Ladder Design . 19 FIGURE 8 Inclined Ladders 21 FIGURE 9 Incline
23、d Ladders with Landings . 22 FIGURE 10 Inclined Ladder Landing/Platform . 23 FIGURE 11 Handrail/Guardrail Dimensions with a Toeboard 24 FIGURE 12 Deck Edge and Elevated Walkway Rail Dimensions 25 FIGURE 13 Arrangement for Climber Safety Cage of Vertical Ladder 26 FIGURE 14 Climber Safety Cage of Ver
24、tical Ladder Side View . 27 FIGURE 15 Ladders with Climber Safety Rails or Cables . 28 vi ABSGUIDE FOR ERGONOMIC NOTATIONS .2013 FIGURE 16 Front View of Guardrail Requirements for Vertical Ladders without Safety Cages or Climber Safety Rails/Cables 31 FIGURE 17 Side View of Guardrail Requirements fo
25、r Vertical Ladders without Safety Cages or Climber Safety Rails/Cables 32 FIGURE 18 Front View of Guardrail Requirements for Vertical Ladders with Safety Cages and without Climber Safety Rails/Cables 34 FIGURE 19 Work Platform Dimensions . 36 FIGURE 20 Handle Dimensions . 37 FIGURE 21 Handle Placeme
26、nt (Ladder not Extending through Platform) 38 FIGURE 22 Handle Placement (Stepping Through a Vertical Hatch) 39 FIGURE 23 Handle Placement (Stepping to or from a Vertical Ladder) 40 FIGURE 24 Hatch Design . 41 FIGURE 25 Hatch Design (Alternative Arrangement) 42 FIGURE 26 Ladder Distance from Hatch C
27、oaming 43 FIGURE 27 Access Hatch Heights of 900 mm (35.5 in.) 43 FIGURE 28 Horizontal Hatch Access through a Deck . 44 FIGURE 29 Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves with Vertical Stems 49 FIGURE 30 Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves with Horizontal Stems 50 FIGURE 31 Mounting Heights for Handwh
28、eel Valves with Angled Stems 51 FIGURE 32 Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves with Vertical Stems . 52 FIGURE 33 Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves with Horizontal Stems . 52 FIGURE 34 Direction of Travel for Valve Levers Accessible from One Side Only . 53 FIGURE 35 Physical Reach fro
29、m a Stooping or Squatting Position 54 FIGURE 36 Mounting Position for Valve Levers and Handwheels Below Standing Surface 54 FIGURE 37 Orientation and Reach for Ladder Parallel to Valve Levers . 55 FIGURE 38 Orientation and Reach for Ladder Perpendicular to Valve Levers . 56 FIGURE 39 Operating Lever
30、 Valves from a Ladder . 56 APPENDIX 1 References 66 APPENDIX 2 Maintenance Task Access Analysis . 67 1 Maintenance Task Access Analysis . 67 1.1 Analysis . 67 1.2 Typical Analysis Steps. 67 ABSGUIDE FOR ERGONOMIC NOTATIONS .2013 vii This Page Intentionally Left Blank Section 1: Introduction SECTION
31、1 Introduction 1 Scope and Application This Guide has been created to offer ergonomic (ERGO) notations for selected working areas on vessels classed with ABS, including topsides design, enclosed space design (e.g., on or below the main deck on the interior of the vessel), design for valve access and
32、 use, and design for operability and maintainability. This Guide has been developed with the objective of promoting an ergonomically-focused design and construction of ABS-classed vessels. This Guide offers the following ergonomic notations (separately requested, up to four different notations are o
33、ffered): Ergonomic Topsides (ERGO TOP), which establishes a level of ergonomic design promoting human performance and safety when working with topside structures Ergonomic Enclosed Space (ERGO ES), which establishes ergonomic design when working within enclosed spaces (whether of a ship or an offsho
34、re structure) Ergonomic Valve (ERGO VALVE), which establishes ergonomic design when accessing and operating valves Ergonomic Maintenance (ERGO MAINT), which establishes ergonomic design for accessing maintenance items. Note that ERGO VALVE and ERGO MAINT each require the conduct of an identification
35、 of relative priority regarding level of accessibility depending of frequency of access and importance to safety and operations. Different requirements exist depending on these factors. Failure to perform early-on determinations of priorities may therefore influence the granting of notations. The cr
36、iteria presented in this Guide are based on accepted ergonomic and safety engineering principles. However, some criteria may differ from national, flag, or other design requirements. In instances where national, flag or other requirements are more limiting than those presented in this Guide, those r
37、equirements take precedence. 2 Using this Guide This Guide presents requirements for several optional notations. Many of the requirements overlap other notations, and in the interest of brevity, Section 3, “Requirements” lists individual groupings of requirements that are based on the notation being
38、 sought. The requirements expressed in Section 4, “Requirements for Notations” are displayed in Section 1, Table 1, “Requirements by Topic”. ABSGUIDE FOR ERGONOMIC NOTATIONS .2013 1 Section 1 Introduction TABLE 1 Requirements by Topic Section 4 Requirements Requirements Topic Subsection 1 Stairs Sub
39、section 2 Walkways and Ramps Subsection 3 Vertical and Inclined Ladders Subsection 4 Guard Rails and Climber Safety Devices Subsection 5 Fall Protection from Secondary Fall Points Subsection 6 Work Platforms Subsection 7 Handles Subsection 8 Hatches Subsection 9 Doors and Scuttles Subsection 10 Manu
40、al Valve Operation, Access, Location, and Orientation Subsection 11 Maintenance Access 3 Terminology Access Aid: A device that makes operation of, or access to, operating or maintenance components possible, or more immediate. For example, a ladder to an access platform. Accessibility: The ability fo
41、r personnel to access equipment that requires maintenance, inspection, removal, or replacement while wearing the appropriate clothing, including personal protective equipment, and the ability to use all necessary tools and test equipment. Active Protection: A safety design or device that actively (o
42、r directly) requires a person to take specific actions before a potential loss, for example, donning a fall arrestor fitted to both the ladder and the climber. Anthropometrics: The measurement of human variability of body dimensions and strength as a function of gender, race, and regional origin. Ca
43、se: The part of equipment that encloses and protects the equipment from its surroundings and protects the surroundings including personnel from the equipment. Crew Member: Any person on board a vessel, including the Master, who is not a passenger. This term is used interchangeably throughout this do
44、cument with “seafarer”. Design Load: The maximum intended load, being the total of all loads including the weight of the personnel, materials, and equipment, including the means of access structure. Enclosed Space: For the purpose of the ERGO ES notation, an enclosed space is defined as the interior
45、 portions of a vessel where people work and live. Guardrail or safety rail: Device for protection against accidental fall or accidental access to a hazardous area, with which stairs, step ladders or landings, platforms and walkways, or deck edges/fall points may be equipped. Handrail: Top element de
46、signed to be grasped by the hand for body support which can be used individually or as the upper part of a rail. Maintainability: The ability to carry out maintenance tasks, such as testing, servicing, calibrating, adjusting, removing, replacing or repairing rapidly and effectively in order to allow
47、 equipment and systems to achieve a specified level of performance. Maintenance: All activities necessary to keep equipment in, or restore it to, a specified level of performance. Maintenance Item, Critical: Includes those maintenance actions which are system and safety critical, meaning a system cr
48、itical to the safe operation of the vessel cannot function without that aspect being functional, and moderate to frequent maintenance actions are required. These are referred to as Category 1 maintenance items for maintenance access criticality categorization purposes. 2 ABSGUIDE FOR ERGONOMIC NOTAT
49、IONS .2013 Section 1 Introduction Maintenance Item, Non-Critical: Includes those maintenance actions which are not system critical as defined above but are maintenance actions that are required frequently for the proper operation of the vessel. These are referred to as Category 2 maintenance items for maintenance access criticality categorization purposes. Maintenance Item, Infrequently Used Non-Critical: Includes those maintenance actions which are considered to be non-critical to system status and safety, and that do not require frequent access. Thes
