1、Guide to the Use of Slag Cement in Concrete and Mortar Reported by ACI Committee 233 ACI 233R-17First Printing September 2017 ISBN: 978-1-945487-80-4 Guide to the Use of Slag Cement in Concrete and Mortar Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This m
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11、ed ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP). American Concrete Institute 38800 Country Club Drive Farmington Hills, MI 48331 Phone: +1.248.848.3700 Fax: +1.248.848.3701 www.concrete.orgThis report addresses the use of slag cement as a separate cementi- tious material added along with portland cement in
12、 the production of concrete. This report does not address slags derived from the smelting of materials other than iron ores. The material character- istics described and the recommendations for its use pertain solely to cement ground from granulated iron blast-furnace slag. Keywords: blast-furnace s
13、lag; cementitious material; granulated blast- furnace slag; hydraulic cement; mixture proportion; mortar; portland cement; slag cement. CONTENTS CHAPTER 1GENERAL INFORMATION, p. 2 1.1History, p. 2 1.2Scope and objective, p. 3 1.3Environmental considerations, p. 3 1.4Production, p. 3 CHAPTER 2DEFINIT
14、IONS, p. 4 2.1Definitions, p. 4 CHAPTER 3PROPERTIES AND PRODUCT TYPES, p. 4 3.1Chemical and physical properties, p. 4 3.2Hydraulic activity, p. 4 3.3Factors determining cementitious properties, p. 5 3.4Slag cement, p. 5 3.5Blended cements, p. 6 CHAPTER 4STORAGE, HANDLING, AND BATCHING, p. 6 4.1Stora
15、ge, p. 6 4.2Handling, p. 6 4.3Batching, p. 6 CHAPTER 5PROPORTIONING CONCRETE CONTAINING SLAG CEMENT, p. 6 5.1Proportioning with slag cement, p. 6 5.2Ternary systems, p. 7 5.3Use with chemical admixtures, p. 8 R. Douglas Hooton, Chair Thomas J. Grisinger , Vice Chair Thomas M. Greene, Secretary ACI 2
16、33R-17 Guide to the Use of Slag Cement in Concrete and Mortar Reported by ACI Committee 233 Corina-Maria Aldea James M. Aldred Paul Brooks Russell T. Flynn William M. Hale Melissa O. Harrison Alfred Kaufman Gerald D. Lankes Mark D. Luther V . M. Malhotra Gordon R. McLellan John M. Melander H. Celik
17、Ozyildirim Nicholas J. Popoff Henry B. Prenger Jan R. Prusinski Prasad R. Rangaraju Jay G. Sanjayan Caijun Shi Marios N. Soutsos Lawrence L. Sutter Michael D. A. Thomas Jay E. Whitt Joe Denny Wills Consulting Members Dennis Higgins Donald W. Lewis Derril L. Thomas Deceased. Committee 233 expresses i
18、ts gratitude to the late D. Elliot, former Chair of Committee 233. ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the signific
19、ance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising
20、 therefrom. Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer. ACI 233R-17 supersed
21、es ACI 233R-03(11) and was adopted and published September 2017. Copyright 2017, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed,
22、 written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. 1CHAPTER 6EFFECTS ON PROPERTIES OF FRESH CONCRETE, p. 8 6.1Workability, p. 8 6.2Time of setting, p. 8 6
23、.3Air entrainment, p. 9 6.4Bleeding, p. 9 6.5Rate of slump loss, p. 10 6.6Ternary systems, p. 10 CHAPTER 7EFFECTS ON PROPERTIES OF HARDENED CONCRETE AND MORTAR, p. 10 7.1Strength, p. 10 7.2Modulus of rupture, p. 10 7.3Modulus of elasticity, p. 11 7.4Creep and shrinkage, p. 11 7.5Influence of curing
24、on performance, p. 12 7.6Color, p. 12 7.7Effects on temperature rise in mass concrete, p. 12 7.8Permeability, p. 13 7.9Resistance to sulfate attack and delayed ettringite formation, p. 14 7.10Reduction of expansion due to alkali-silica reac- tion, p. 15 7.11Resistance to freezing and thawing, p. 16
25、7.12Resistance to deicing chemicals, p. 16 7.13Resistance to the corrosion of reinforcement, p. 17 7.14Carbonation, p. 17 7.15Ternary systems, p. 17 CHAPTER 8SLAG CEMENT APPLICATIONS, p. 18 8.1Introduction, p. 18 8.2General use in ready mixed concrete, p. 18 8.3Concrete products, p. 18 8.4Mortars an
26、d grouts, p. 18 8.5Controlled low-strength material, p. 18 8.6Environmental structures, p. 18 8.7Heat resistance, p. 19 8.8High-strength, high-performance concrete, p. 19 8.9Industrial floors, p. 19 8.10Lightweight concrete, p. 19 8.11Marine structures, p. 19 8.12Mass concrete, p. 20 8.13Mine backfi
27、ll, p. 20 8.14Pavements and bridges, p. 20 8.15Roller-compacted concrete, p. 20 8.16Soil stabilization, p. 20 8.17Tilt-up, p. 21 8.18Waste stabilization, p. 21 8.19Miscellaneous, p. 21 CHAPTER 9SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, p. 21 9.1Slag cement and sustainability, p. 21 9.2High volume slag cement use in
28、concrete, p. 21 9.3Life-cycle inventory for slag-cement concrete, p. 21 9.4Reflectance, p. 22 9.5Federally-funded projects, p. 23 9.6Service life, p. 23 9.7Green building rating systems, p. 23 CHAPTER 10REFERENCES, p. 23 Authored documents, p. 24 CHAPTER 1GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1History The use of sl
29、ag cement as a cementitious material dates back to 1774, when a mortar was made using slag cement in combination with slaked lime (Mather 1957). In 1862, a granulation process was proposed to facilitate removal and handling of iron blast-furnace slag leaving the blast furnace. The use of granulation
30、 produced glassy material that played an important part in the development of iron blast-furnace slag as a hydraulic binder (Thomas 1979). This development resulted in the first commercial use of slag-lime cements in Germany in 1865. In France, these slag cements were used as early as 1889 to build
31、the Paris underground metro system (Thomas 1979). Mary (1951) described the preparation of slag cement by the Trief wet-process and its use in the Bort-les-Orgues Dam. This was done after World War II when the supply of portland cement was limited. The dam involved 660,000 m 3(863,000 yd 3 ) of conc
32、rete. The slag was ground wet and charged into the mixer as a thick slurry. A sample of the Trief wet-process cement was obtained by the Corps of Engineers in December 1950 and tested at the Waterways Experiment Station (WES) (1953). In the WES tests, the behavior of the ground slag from Europe was
33、compared with slag ground in the laboratory from expanded slag from Birmingham, AL. Each slag was activated with 1.5 percent sodium hydroxide and 1.5 percent sodium chloride by mass, with generally similar results. In the former Soviet Union and several European coun- tries, the use of slag cement i
34、n alkali-activated systems where no portland cement is used has been found to provide special properties (Talling and Brandstetr 1989). The first recorded production of blended cement in which blast-furnace slag was combined with portland cement was in Germany in 1892; the first United States produc
35、tion was in 1896. By 1980, the use of slag cement in the produc- tion of blended cement accounted for nearly 20 percent of the total hydraulic cement produced in Europe (Hogan and Meusel 1981). Until the 1950s, slag cement was used in two basic ways: as a raw material for the manufacture of portland
36、 cement, and as a cementitious material combined with portland cement, hydrated lime, gypsum, or anhydrite (Lewis 1981). Since the late 1950s, use of slag cement as a separate cementitious material added at the concrete mixer with portland cement has gained acceptance in South Africa, Australia, the
37、 United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, and the United States, among other countries. In 2000, production capacity for slag cement was esti- mated to exceed 2,000,000 metric tons or Megagrams (Mg) annually in North America. In the United States, production of slag cement was estimated to exceed 1,500,000 Mg
38、, up from approximately 700,000 Mg in 1990. Currently, slag American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.org 2 GUIDE TO THE USE OF SLAG CEMENT IN CONCRETE AND MORTAR (ACI 233R-17)cement and granules are also being imported from various countries into the United States. According to
39、Van Oss (2015), 7,600,000 Mg of iron blast- furnace slag was produced in the United States in 2013; 2,300,000 Mg of that being granulated, and 5,300,000 Mg air-cooled. According to the Slag Cement Associa- tion, 2,500,000 Mg of slag cement and 540,000 Mg of slag blended cement were used in concrete
40、and other construc- tion applications (some of which used imported granules). More sources of slag cement may become available due to energy and environmental stimuli. The majority of slag cement in the United States is batched as a separate ingredient at concrete production plants. Approximately 9
41、percent, however, is used to produce blended hydraulic cements. Slag cement is also used for other applications, including stabilizing mine tailings and industrial waste. 1.2Scope and objective The objective of this report is to compile and to present experiences in research and field use of slag ce
42、ment in concrete and mortar, and to offer guidance in its specifica- tion, proportioning, and use. Presented is a detailed discus- sion of the composition and production of slag cement, its use, and its effects on the properties of concrete and mortar. Slags from the production of metals other than
43、iron differ greatly in composition from slag cement and are not within the scope of this report. 1.3Environmental considerations The use of slag cement in concrete and mortar is an envi- ronmentally sound and efficient use of existing resources. Slag cement offers several benefits when used to repla
44、ce a portion of the portland cement, including reduced energy consumption, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and reduced consumption of virgin raw materials. For a more complete discussion on sustainability, refer to Chapter 9. 1.4Production 1.4.1 Origin of blast-furnace slagIn the production of iro
45、n, the blast furnace is continuously charged from the top with iron oxide (ore, pellets, and sinter), fluxing stone (limestone or dolomite), and fuel (coke). Two products are obtained from the furnace: molten iron that collects in the bottom of the furnace (hearth) and liquid iron blast-furnace slag
46、 floating on the pool of molten iron. Both are periodi- cally tapped from the furnace at a temperature of approxi- mately 2700F (1500C). 1.4.2 Granulated slagQuenching with water is the most common process for production of granulated slag to be used as a cementitious material. Simple immersion of t
47、he molten slag in water was often used in the past. This quenching method is sometimes called the pit process. More efficient modern granulation systems use high-pressure water jets that impinge on the stream of molten slag at a water-slag ratio of approximately 10 to 1 by mass. In this quenching me
48、thod, called jet process granulation, the blast-furnace slag is quenched almost instantaneously to a temperature below the boiling point of water, producing slag particles with high glass content. This material is called granulated blast- furnace slag (GBFS) or slag granules. A close-up view of the
49、part of a jet-process granulator system where the water meets the molten blast-furnace slag is shown in Fig. 1.4.2a. Another process, sometimes referred to as air granula- tion, involves use of the pelletizer (Cotsworth 1981). In this process, the molten slag passes over a vibrating feed plate where it is expanded and cooled by water sprays. It then passes onto a rotating finned drum, which throws the slag into the air where it rapidly solidifies to spherical pellets (Fig. 1.4.2b). The resulting prod
