1、Design Specification for Concrete Silos and Stacking Tubes for Storing Granular Materials (ACI 313-16) and CommentaryReported by ACI Committee 313ACI 313-16An ACI StandardFirst PrintingAugust 2016ISBN: 978-1-945487-11-8Design Specification for Concrete Silos and Stacking Tubes for Storing Granular M
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11、obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331Phone: +1.248.848.3700Fax: +1.248.848.3701www.concrete.org1ACI 313-16 s
12、upersedes ACI 313-97, was adopted May 24, 2016, and was published August 2016.Copyright 2016, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical devi
13、ce, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.ACI 313-16Design Specification for Concrete Silos and Stacking Tubes for Storing Granular M
14、aterials (ACI 313-16) and CommentaryAn ACI StandardReported by ACI Committee 313Shahriar Shahriar, ChairWilliam D. ArockiasamyWilliam H. BokhovenPatrick B. EbnerStephen G. FrankoskyTimothy A. HarveyF. Thomas JohnstonDavid C. MattesRodney M. NohrJohn E. SadlerMichael D. SimpsonBill J. SochaConsulting
15、 MembersDonald MidgleyJohn M. RotterJonathan G. M. WoodThis Design Specification provides material, design, and construction requirements for concrete silos, stave silos, and stacking tubes for storing granular materials, including design and construction requirements for cast-in-place or precast an
16、d conventionally reinforced or post-tensioned silos.Silos and stacking tubes require design considerations not encountered in building structures. While this Design Specification refers to ACI 318 for several requirements, static and dynamic loading from funnel, mass, concentric, and asymmetric flow
17、 in silos; special loadings on stacking tubes; and seismic and hopper bottom design are also included.Keywords: asymmetric flow; bins; funnel flow; granular materials; hoppers; mass flow; silos.CONTENTSIntroduction, p. 3CHAPTER 1GENERAL , p. 41.1Scope , p. 41.2Documentation , p. 41.3Regulations/insp
18、ections , p. 5CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS , p. 62.1Notation , p. 62.2Definitions , p. 9CHAPTER 3REFERENCE STANDARDS, p. 11CHAPTER 4MATERIALS , p. 124.1General, p. 124.2Cement and concrete , p. 124.3Aggregates, p. 124.4Water, p. 124.5Admixtures , p. 124.6Reinforcement, p. 134.7Precast concrete
19、staves, p. 134.8Tests of materials , p. 13CHAPTER 5CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS , p. 145.1General, p. 145.2Sampling and testing concrete, p. 145.3Details and placement of reinforcement , p. 145.4Forms , p. 145.5Concrete placing and finishing , p. 145.6Concrete protection and curing , p. 155.7Lining and
20、 coating, p. 165.8Tolerances for slipformed and jumpformed struc-tures, p. 16CHAPTER 6DESIGN , p. 176.1General , p. 176.2Details and placement of reinforcement , p. 186.3Loads , p. 226.4Wall design , p. 326.5Hopper design , p. 396.6Column design , p. 406.7Foundation design , p. 40CHAPTER 7CONCRETE S
21、TAVE INDUSTRIAL SILOS , p. 427.1Scope, p. 427.2Coatings , p. 427.3Erection tolerances , p. 427.4Wall design , p. 437.5Hoops for stave silos , p. 467.6Concrete stave and stave assembly testing , p. 46CHAPTER 8POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE SILOS , p. 508.1Scope , p. 508.2Post-tensioning systems , p. 508.3Te
22、ndon systems , p. 508.4Bonded tendons , p. 528.5Unbonded tendons , p. 528.6Post-tensioning ducts , p. 528.7Details and location of nonprestressed reinforce-ment, p. 538.8Wall openings, p. 538.9Stressing records, p. 548.10Design , p. 548.11Vertical bending moment and shear due to post-tensioning , p.
23、 558.12Tolerances, p. 56CHAPTER 9CONCRETE STACKING TUBES , p. 579.1Scope, p. 579.2General layout , p. 579.3Loads , p. 599.4Load factors and strength reduction factors , p. 599.5Tube wall design, p. 609.6Foundation or reclaim tunnel , p. 60CHAPTER R10COMMENTARY REFERENCES, p. 61Authored documents, p.
24、 61American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.org2 SPECIFICATION FOR CONCRETE SILOS AND STACKING TUBES FOR STORING GRANULAR MATERIALS (ACI 313-16)IntroductionThis commentary presents considerations and assumptions in developing provisions of the Design Specification. Initial fillin
25、g (static) pressures are exerted by the stored material at rest. Flow pressures differ from initial filling pressures, and are exerted by the stored material during flow.Comments on specific provisions of the Design Specifi-cation are made using corresponding chapter and section numbers of the Desig
26、n Specification. References cited in the commentary are listed in Chapter R10.American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.orgSPECIFICATION FOR CONCRETE SILOS AND STACKING TUBES FOR STORING GRANULAR MATERIALS (ACI 313-16) 3SPECIFICATION COMMENTARYCHAPTER 1GENERAL 1.1Scope This Design
27、 Specification covers the design and construc-tion of concrete silos, stave silos, and stacking tubes for storing granular materials.For the design of these structures, initial filling and flow loading shall be considered. This Design Specification is supplemental to ACI 318-11 for design and ACI 30
28、1-10 for construction, where indicated.1.1.1 Specific inclusionsIndustrial stave silos for storage of granular materials are included in these specifications. The application to precast concrete is limited to industrial stave silos. Effect of hot stored material is included in this Design Specificat
29、ion.1.1.2 Specific exclusionsSilos for storing silage are not included in this Design Specification. This Design Specifi-cation does not consider any chemical reaction between the silo reinforced concrete and the stored granular material. Three-dimensional dome structures are not included in this De
30、sign Specification.1.1.3 Hierarchy of standardsWhenever the require-ments of this Design Specification are more stringent than the requirements of ACI 318-11, the requirements of this Design Specification shall govern.1.2Documentation 1.2.1 Project drawings and specifications for silos shall be prep
31、ared under the direct supervision of and bear the seal of the licensed design professional.1.2.2 Contract documents shall show all features of the work, naming the stored materials assumed in the design and stating their properties, including the size and position of all structural components, conne
32、ctions, and reinforcing steel; the specified concrete strength; and the specified strength or grade of reinforcement and structural steel.CHAPTER R1GENERAL R1.1Scope Silo failures have alerted licensed design professionals to the inadequacy of designing silos for only static pres-sures due to stored
33、 material at rest. Those failures motivated researchers to study the variations of pressures and flow of materials. Research has established that pressures during withdrawal can be significantly higher (Turitzin 1963; Pieper and Wenzel 1964; Reimbert and Reimbert 1980, 1987) or significantly lower t
34、han those present when the material is at rest. The excess (above static pressure) is called overpres-sure, and the shortfall is called underpressure. One of the causes of overpressure is the switch from active to passive conditions that occurs during material withdrawal (Jenike et al. 1972). Underp
35、ressures can occur at a flow channel, and overpressures can occur away from the flow channel at the same level (Colijn and Peschl 1981; Homes 1972; Bernache 1968). Underpressures concurrent with overpressures cause circumferential bending in the silo wall. Impact during filling can cause the total p
36、ressure to exceed the static pressure. Whereas overpressures and underpressures are generally important in deeper silos, impact loading is usually significant for shallow bins (bunkers) in which large volumes of material are dumped suddenly. Some stored granular materials have sufficient cohesion an
37、d unconfined compressive strength to form large arches or cavities during discharge. The collapse of these arches and cavities can develop significant impact loads when the material above strikes the wall or floor. This docu-ment does not provide methods for calculation of such loads. The probabilit
38、y of forming arches and cavities can be reduced by using hopper and discharge equipment designs that reflect results from flowability testing of the stored material.Overpressure, underpressure, or impact should be consid-ered in the structural design of silos if present. Initial filling (static) pre
39、ssures are exerted by the stored material at rest. Flow pressures differ from initial filling pressures, and are exerted by the stored material during flow.R1.2Documentation Silos and stacking tubes are unusual structures. Many licensed design professionals are unfamiliar with computa-tion of their
40、design loads and with their design and detail requirements. Design computations and the preparation of project drawings and project specifications for silos, bunkers, and stacking tubes should be done under the supervision of a licensed design professional experienced in the design of such structure
41、s.If possible, the properties of the stored materials to be used in the design should be obtained from tests of the actual materials to be stored or from records of tests of similar materials previously stored. Properties assumed in the design should be stated in the contract documents.American Conc
42、rete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.org4 SPECIFICATION FOR CONCRETE SILOS AND STACKING TUBES FOR STORING GRANULAR MATERIALS (ACI 313-16)SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY1.3Regulations/inspections 1.3.1 This Design Specification supplements legally adopted building codes in all matters pertaining
43、to concrete silo and stacking tubes for storing granular materials.1.3.2 Construction shall be inspected throughout the various work stages by or under the supervision of a licensed design professional or a qualified inspector.R1.3Regulations/inspections Investigations of silo damage and deteriorati
44、on failures frequently reveal omitted or mislocated reinforcement, inad-equate or misaligned reinforcement splices, and inadequate reinforcement cover.The quality and performance of slipformed concrete silo structures depend on construction workmanship. The best materials and design will not be effe
45、ctive unless the construction is in accordance with project documents. For example, during slipform operations, the proper placement of reinforcement is a critical task. In addition, horizontal lifts, buckled jackrods, and concrete delaminations can occur if the concrete sets too rapidly, the slipfo
46、rm is improp-erly battered, or jackrods are overloaded. Similar consider-ations are associated with the quality and performance of jumpformed concrete silos.Continuous field inspection of construction activity helps ensure conformance with the project requirements. The committee recommends that fiel
47、d inspection of construc-tion activity be performed by or under the supervision of a licensed design professional. Field inspection of construc-tion activity does not relieve the contractor of the responsi-bility to conform to project requirements.American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.
48、concrete.orgSPECIFICATION FOR CONCRETE SILOS AND STACKING TUBES FOR STORING GRANULAR MATERIALS (ACI 313-16) 5SPECIFICATION COMMENTARYCHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS 2.1Notation The terms in this list are used in the Design Specification and as needed in the commentary.A = effective tension area of
49、 concrete surrounding the tension reinforcement and having the same centroid as that reinforcement, divided by the number of bars; when the reinforcement consists of different bar sizes, the number of bars shall be calculated as the total area of reinforcement divided by the area of the largest bar used = critical ratioAf= area of flow channel, ft2(m2)As= area of hoop or tension reinforcement, in.2(mm2) per unit heightAsilo= cross-sectional area of silo, ft2(m2)Aw= effective cross-sectional area (horizontal proj
