1、Report on Performance-Based Requirements for ConcreteReported by ACI Committee 329ACI 329R-14First PrintingDecember 2014ISBN: 978-0-87031-974-7Report on Performance-Based Requirements for ConcreteCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material m
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11、oncrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331Phone: +1.248.848.3700Fax: +1.248.848.3701www.concrete.orgThis report discusses the differences between performance and prescriptive requirements for concrete, and provides informa-tion on developing
12、performance requirements as an alternative to the current prescriptive requirements in codes and specifica-tions. Performance-based requirements allow the contractor and concrete producer to be more innovative in concrete applications, providing an element for sustainability of concrete construction
13、. The essential elements of a performance-based requirement are reviewed, which include the desired performance characteris-tics, sampling and testing procedures to verify these character-istics, and acceptance criteria. Because acceptance criteria are crucial elements of effective performance speci
14、fications, factors to consider in developing criteria that distribute risks to the owner and members of the construction team are also discussed. Consid-erations for implementing performance-based requirements on a project are presented and development of performance-based requirements for durabilit
15、y emphasized. Alternative performance-based requirements are proposed for the prescriptive durability requirements in ACI 318.Keywords: acceptance criteria; bonus-penalty provisions; building code; durability; in-place tests; performance specification; prescriptive speci-fication; quality assurance;
16、 responsibility; sampling; sustainability; test methods.CONTENTSCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION, p. 21.1Background, p. 21.2Objective and scope, p. 41.3Performance-based requirements, p. 41.4Comparison of performance-based and prescriptive requirements, p. 51.5Sustainability and performance-based requirements,
17、 p. 71.6Responsibilities of involved parties, p. 81.7ACI codes and specifications, p. 11CHAPTER 2DEFINITIONS, p. 12CHAPTER 3ELEMENTS OF PERFORMANCE-BASED REQUIREMENTS, p. 143.1Quality characteristics, p. 143.2Prequalification, identity, and surrogate testing, p. 143.3Test methods, p. 153.4Point of s
18、ampling and testing, p. 193.5Acceptance criteria, p. 20Mark F. Chrzanowski, Chair Colin L. Lobo, SecretaryACI 329R-14Report on Performance-Based Requirements for ConcreteReported by ACI Committee 329David J. AlexanderNicholas J. CarinoEdward J. GarbocziJohn F. GibbonsCharles S. GresserJames K. Hicks
19、R. Doug HootonAllen J. HulshizerMohammad IqbalJ. Scott KeimThomas O. MalerkFrank Stephen MalitsRoss S. MartinKarthik H. OblaH. Celik OzyildirimDaniel St-PierreDavid G. TepkeRoberto Juan TorrentBenjamin B. TymannJohn W. VaughanVictor H. VillarrealBradley K. ViolettaMichelle L. WilsonFouad H. YazbeckA
20、CI 329R-14 supersedes ACI ITG-8R-10 and was adopted and published December 2014.Copyright 2014, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical de
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22、signing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the information it contains. ACI disclaims
23、 any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising there from.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract docu-ments. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/ Engineer to be a part of the contract
24、documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.The materials, processes, quality control measures, and inspections described in this document should be tested, monitored, or performed as applicable only by individuals holding the appropriate ACI C
25、erti-fication or equivalent._Special acknowledgments are given to the the following for their contributions to this report: Dale P. Bentz, Anthony E. Fiorato, Ward R. Malisch, John A. Bickley, Ryan A. Henkensiefken, William R. Owings III, Peter Bohme, Tarif M. Jaber, Kenneth B. Rear, Randall Carwile
26、, Mohammad Reza Kharrazi, Benedict J. Ricceri, James M. Clarke, John R. Love III, Richard S. Szecsy, Russell W. Collins, Darmawan Ludirdja, and Paul G. Tourney.1CHAPTER 4DEVELOPMENT OF ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA, p. 204.1Introduction, p. 204.2Factors to consider, p. 214.3Setting acceptability limits, p. 25
27、4.4Actions when acceptance criteria are not satisfied, p. 27CHAPTER 5IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES, p. 275.1Introduction, p. 275.2Prebid conference, p. 285.3Pre-award meeting, p. 285.4Preconstruction conference, p. 285.5Bonus-penalty provisions, p. 295.6Challenges to successful implementation, p. 31CHAP
28、TER 6PRESCRIPTIVE DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS IN ACI 318 AND ACI 301 AND PERFORMANCE-BASED ALTERNATIVES, p. 346.1Review of existing prescriptive requirements for durability, p. 346.2Proposed alternative performance specifications for concrete, p. 38CHAPTER 7SUMMARY AND FUTURE ACTIONS, p. 417.1Summary, p
29、. 417.2Path forward, p. 41CHAPTER 8REFERENCES, p. 42Authored documents, p. 44CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1Background1.1.1 Prescriptive and performance specificationA specification is an explicit set of requirements to be satis-fied by a material, product, system, or service (ASTM 2013). In the concrete c
30、onstruction industry, the primary types of specifications are materials specifications and construction specifications. The former provide minimum requirements for composition and properties, and the latter form part of the contract between owner and contractor. Specifications can be of the prescrip
31、tive or performance type, or they may include components of each. A prescriptive specification for concrete focuses on the properties and composition of raw materials; mixture proportions; batching, mixing, and trans-port of fresh concrete; and a range of construction operations from placing to curi
32、ng. Prescriptive specifications rely on observed or implied relationships between the details speci-fied and the desired final, in-place, or end-product concrete performance. Under a prescriptive specification, the desired end-product performance may or may not be described. A performance specificat
33、ion, however, defines required results, the criteria to judge performance, and verification methods without requirements for how the results are to be obtained. An alternative name used by some agencies is end-result specification (ERS). The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has invested conside
34、rable resources to promote the use of performance-related specifications (PRS) in its proj-ects (FHWA 1998). The PRS approach is intended to ensure the completed product will perform as specified.Prescriptive and performance specifications have been in existence as long as code requirements and spec
35、ifications for concrete have existed. For example, in 1910, the National Association of Cement Users (NACU), the forerunner of ACI, adopted its “Standard Building Regulations for Rein-forced Concrete” (NACU 1910). These regulations provided alternatives for concrete strength:Concrete composed of mat
36、erials meeting the requirements of these regulations, mixed in propor-tion of one part of cement and six parts of aggre-gate (fine and coarse), shall develop a compressive strength of 2000 pounds per square inch in 28 days when tested as 8-in. diameter cylinders 16 in. long under laboratory conditio
37、ns of manufacture and storage, using the same consistency as is used in the field. When the proportion of cement is increased, using the best quality of aggregates, an increase may be made in all working stresses proportional to the increase in compressive strength at 28 days, as determined by actua
38、l tests, but this increase shall not exceed 25 per cent.”Thus, it is seen in this early document governing concrete construction, there were elements of prescriptive and perfor-mance requirements.In 1936, ACI adopted the “Building Regulations for Rein-forced Concrete (ACI 501-36T),” which served as
39、a basis for many provisions that are still in use (American Concrete Institute 1936). ACI 501-36T permitted a performance-based alternative to the prescriptive water-cement ratio (w/c) requirements for different design strengths. Alterna-tive mixture proportions were permitted by prequalifying a mix
40、ture on the basis of test data correlating strength to w/c. Four different w/c values had to be tested, and the w/c approved for production was that value corresponding to a compressive strength that was:a) 20 percent greater than the design strength when design strength was less than 2500 psi (17 M
41、Pa)b) 15 percent greater than the design strength when design strength was 2500 psi (17 MPa) or aboveThese requirements are the forerunner of todays required strength based on standard deviation of historical data. Once the proposed mixture was approved, no substitutions in materials were permitted
42、without additional tests.For durability, ACI 501-36T stated that “All concrete exposed to the weather shall have a minimum ultimate 28-day compressive strength of not less than 3000 lb per sq. in.” According to ACI 501-36T, design professionals were responsible for on-site inspection of construction
43、, including maintaining records of “the quality and quantity of concrete materials, the mixing and placing of the concrete, and the placing of the reinforcing steel.”American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.org2 REPORT ON PERFORMANCE-BASED REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE (ACI 329R-14)
44、Today, the responsibility for site verification of concrete production has shifted away from the licensed design professional toward the concrete producer. The licensed design professional, however, is still responsible for review or approval of the submitted mixture ingredients and proportions.Othe
45、r changes in the concrete industry since these early codes were written include:a) Recognition that concrete strength is not the only char-acteristic considered in developing an acceptable concrete mixture for a projectb) Portland cement is not the only cementitious materialc) Water content and aggr
46、egate size are not the only factors that influence slumpd) The w/c is not the only factor influencing permeabilityA variety of admixtures have emerged to impart charac-teristics to a concrete mixture that are otherwise difficult or impossible to attain by varying only the basic ingredi-ents of cemen
47、t, aggregate, and water. Chemical admixtures and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as pozzolans and slag cement, affect factors including air content, air-void characteristics, workability, setting time, bleeding, rate of strength gain, long-term strength, and resis-tance to fluid pe
48、netration. In addition, combinations of the various cementitious materials and admixtures may or may not be mutually compatible.It is difficult to write prescriptive specifications that make use of these developments while, at the same time, avoiding their pitfalls. It is evident that evaluating con
49、crete durability is more difficult than evaluating strength. The increasing demand for improved concrete durability and growing complexity of concrete mixture proportioning add impor-tance to the debate of prescriptive versus performance-based requirements.Interest in performance-based requirements is fueled by the changes in practice that have evolved to enhance concrete durability and sustainability. For example, consider the high-performance, low-permeability concretes required to ensure durable structures under severe exposures
