1、Code Requirements forEnvironmental Engineering Concrete Structures (ACI 350-06)An ACI Standard and CommentaryReported by ACI Committee 350ACI 350-06ACI 350 Environmental Structures Code and CommentaryJon B. ArdahlVice ChairJohn W. BakerSecretaryWalter N. Bennett Carl A. Gentry Nicholas A. Legatos Je
2、rry ParnesLucian I. Bogdan Gautam Ghosh Ramon E. Lucero Andrew R. PhilipSteven R. Close Charles S. Hanskat Andrew R. Minogue Risto ProticPatrick J. Creegan Keith W. Jacobson Lawrence G. Mrazek William C. ShermanRobert E. Doyle M. Reza Kianoush Javeed A. Munshi Lawrence M. TabatAnthony L. FelderVotin
3、g Subcommittee MembersIyad (Ed) M. Alsamsam Daniel J. McCarthyPaul Hedli Carl H. MoonLawrence E. Kaiser Rolf P. PawskiSalvatore Marques Paul J. St. JohnCODE REQUIREMENTS FORENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERINGCONCRETE STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY (ACI 350-06)REPORTED BY ACI COMMITTEE 350ACI Committee 350Environme
4、ntal Engineering Concrete StructuresSatish K. SachdevChairConsulting MembersWilliam Irwin Dennis C. KohlDov Kaminetzky Terry PatziasDavid G. Kittridge Narayan M. PrachandAmerican Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rig
5、hts reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambigu
6、ities, omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents
7、are requested to contact ACI via the errata website at www.concrete.org/committees/errata.asp. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata for the most up-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the sig
8、nificance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all risk and accept total responsibility for the application and use of this information.All informa
9、tion in this publication is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement.ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, includin
10、g any special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result from the use of this publication.It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate to the specific cir
11、cumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of all regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regula- tion
12、s, including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) health and safety standards.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI
13、standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgCode Requirements for EnvironmentalEngineering Co
14、ncrete Structures and CommentarySeventh PrintingErrata as of 10/9/15ISBN 978-0-87031-227-4ENVIRONMENTAL STRUCTURES CODE/COMMENTARY 350-1The code portion of this document covers the structural design, materials selection, and construction ofenvironmental engineering concrete structures. Such structur
15、es are used for conveying, storing, or treatingliquid or other materials such as solid waste. They include ancillary structures for dams, spill-ways, andchannels.They are subject to uniquely different loadings, more severe exposure conditions, and more restrictiveserviceability requirements than non
16、-environmental building structures.Loadings include normal dead and live loads and vibrating equipment or hydrodynamic forces. Expo-sures include concentrated chemicals, alternate wetting and drying, and freezing and thawing of saturatedconcrete. Serviceability requirements include liquid-tightness
17、or gas-tightness.Typical structures include conveyance, storage, and treatment structures.Proper design, materials, and construction of environmental engineering concrete structures arerequired to produce serviceable concrete that is dense, durable, nearly impermeable, and resistant tochemicals, wit
18、h limited deflections and cracking. Leakage must be controlled to minimize contamination ofground water or the environment, to minimize loss of product or infiltration, and to promote durability.This code presents new material as well as modified portions of the ACI 318-02 Building Code that areappl
19、icable to environmental engineering concrete structures.Because ACI 350-06 is written as a legal document, it may be adopted by reference in a general buildingcode or in regulations governing the design and construction of environmental engineering concrete struc-tures. Thus, it cannot present backg
20、round details or suggestions for carrying out its requirements or intent.It is the function of the commentary to fill this need.CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CONCRETE STRUCTURESAND COMMENTARY (ACI 350-06)REPORTED BY ACI COMMITTEE 350ACI 350-06 was adopted as a standard of the Ameri
21、can Concrete Instituteon July 3, 2006 to supersede ACI 350/350R-01 in accordance with the Insti-tutes standardization procedure.ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended forguidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction.This Commentary is intended for the
22、use of individuals who are competentto evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommenda-tions and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material itcontains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibilityfor the stated principles. The I
23、nstitute shall not be liable for any loss ordamage arising therefrom. Reference to this commentary shall not be made incontract documents. If items found in this Commentary are desired by theArchitect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall berestated in mandatory language for in
24、corporation by the Architect/Engineer.Copyright 2006, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form orby any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by anyelectronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or rec
25、ording forsound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system ordevice, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.350-2 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICEINTRODUCTIONThe code and commentary includes excerpts from ACI 318-02that are pertinent to ACI 350
26、. The commentary discusses someof the considerations of Committee ACI 350 in developing“Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering ConcreteStructures (ACI 350-06),” hereinafter called the code.Emphasis is given to the explanation of provisions that may beunfamiliar to users of the standard. Com
27、ments on specificprovisions are made under the corresponding chapter andsection numbers of the code and commentary.This commentary is not intended to provide a complete histor-ical background concerning the development of the code, noris it intended to provide a detailed summary of the studies andre
28、search data reviewed by the committee in formulating theprovisions of the code. However, references to some of theresearch data are provided for those who wish to study thebackground material in depth.As the name implies, “Code Requirements for Environ-mental Engineering Concrete Structures” may be
29、used aspart of a legally adopted code and, as such, must differ inform and substance from documents that provide detailedspecifications, recommended practice, complete designprocedures, or design aids.The code is intended to cover environmental engineeringconcrete structures, but is not intended to
30、supersede ASTMstandards for precast structures.Requirements more stringent than the code provisions may bedesirable for unusual structures. This code and this commen-tary cannot replace sound engineering knowledge, experience,and judgment.A code for design and construction states the minimumrequirem
31、ents necessary to provide for public health andsafety. ACI 350 is based on this principle. For any structure,the owner or the structural designer may require the qualityof materials and construction to be higher than the minimumrequirements necessary to provide serviceability and toprotect the publi
32、c as stated in the code. Lower standards,however, are not permitted.ACI 350 has no legal status unless it is adopted by governmentbodies having the power to regulate building design andconstruction. Where the code has not been adopted, it mayserve as a reference to good practice.The code provides a
33、means of establishing minimum standardsfor acceptance of design and construction by a legallyappointed building official or his designated representatives.The code and commentary are not intended for use in settlingdisputes between the owner, engineer, architect, contractor, ortheir agents, subcontr
34、actors, material suppliers, or testingagencies. Therefore, the code cannot define the contractresponsibility of each of the parties in usual construction.General references requiring compliance with ACI 350 in thejob specifications should be avoided, since the contractor israrely in a position to ac
35、cept responsibility for designThe commentary discusses some of the considerations of the committee in developing the ACI 350 Code,and its relationship with ACI 318. Emphasis is given to the explanation of provisions that may be unfamiliarto some users of the code. References to much of the research
36、data referred to in preparing the code aregiven for those who wish to study certain requirements in greater detail.The chapter and section numbering of the code are followed throughout the commentary.Among the subjects covered are: permits, drawings and specifications, inspections, materials, concre
37、tequality, mixing and placing, forming, embedded pipes, construction joints, reinforcement details, analysisand design, strength and serviceability, flexural and axial loads, shear and torsion, development of reinforce-ment, slab systems, walls, footings, precast concrete, prestressed concrete, shel
38、l structures, folded platemembers, provisions for seismic design, and an alternate design method in Appendix I.The quality and testing of materials used in the construction are covered by reference to the appropriatestandard specifications. Welding of reinforcement is covered by reference to the app
39、ropriate AWS standard.Criteria for liquid-tightness testing may be found in 350.1.Keywords: Chemical attack; coatings; concrete durability; concrete finishing (fresh concrete); concrete slabs, crack width, and spacing; cracking(fracturing); environmental engineering; inspection; joints (junctions);
40、joint sealers; liquid; patching; permeability; pipe columns; pipes (tubes);prestressed concrete; prestressing steels; protective coatings; reservoirs; roofs; serviceability; sewerage; solid waste facilities; tanks(containers); temperature; torque; torsion; vibration; volume change; walls; wastewater
41、 treatment; water; water-cementitious material ratio; watersupply; water treatment.The 2006 “Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures and Commentary” arepresented in a side-by-side column format, with code text placed in the left column and the correspondingcommentary text
42、 aligned in the right column. To further distinguish the Code from the Commentary, the Code hasbeen printed in Helvetica, the same type face in which this paragraph is set.This paragraph is set in Times Roman, and all portions of the text exclusive to the Commentary are printed in this type face.Com
43、mentary section numbers are preceded by an “R” to further distinguish them from Code section numbers.ENVIRONMENTAL STRUCTURES CODE/COMMENTARY 350-3details or construction requirements that depend on a detailedknowledge of the design. Generally, the drawings, speci-fications, and contract documents s
44、hould contain all of thenecessary requirements to ensure compliance with the code.In part, this can be accomplished by reference to specificcode sections in the job specifications. Other ACI publi-cations, such as ACI 301, “Specifications for StructuralConcrete,” are written specifically for use as
45、contractdocuments for construction.Committee 350 recognizes the desirability of standards ofperformance for individual parties involved in the contractdocuments. Available for this purpose are the certificationprograms of the American Concrete Institute, the plant certifi-cation programs of the Prec
46、ast/Prestressed Concrete Institute,the National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, and the qual-ification standards of the American Society of ConcreteConstructors. Also available are “Standard Specification forAgencies Engaged in Construction Inspection and/or Testing”(ASTM E 329) and “Standard Prac
47、tice for LaboratoriesTesting Concrete and Concrete Aggregates for Use inConstruction and Criteria for Laboratory Evaluation” (ASTMC 1077).Design aids (general concrete design aids are listed inACI 318-02):“Rectangular Concrete Tanks,” Portland Cement Associa-tion, Skokie, IL, 1994, 176 pp. (Presents
48、 data for design of rect-angular tanks.)“Circular Concrete Tanks Without Prestressing,” PortlandCement Association, Skokie, IL, 1993, 54 pp. (Presents designdata for circular concrete tanks built in or on ground. Wallsmay be free or restrained at the top. Wall bases may be fixed,hinged, or have inte
49、rmediate degrees of restraint. Variouslayouts for circular roofs are presented.)“Concrete Manual,” U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau ofReclamation, 8th edition, 1981, 627 pp. (Presents technicalinformation for the control of concrete construction, includinglinings for tunnels, impoundments, and canals.)GENERAL COMMENTARYBecause of stringent service requirements, environmentalengineering concrete structures should be designed anddetailed with care. The quality of concrete is important, andclose quality control must be performed during construction toobtain impervious concrete.Environmenta
